Medieval Half-Timbered Construction

Medieval Half-Timbered Construction Half-timbering is a method of building wood outline structures with the basic lumbers uncovered. This medieval strategy for development is called lumber surrounding. A half-wooded structure wears its wood outline on its sleeve, in a manner of speaking. The wooden divider confining - studs, cross pillars, and supports - are presented to the outside, and the spaces between the wooden lumbers are loaded up with mortar, block, or stone. Initially a typical kind of building strategy in the sixteenth century, half-timbering has gotten ornamental and non-basic in plans for todays homes. A genuine case of a genuine half-wooded structure from the sixteenth century is the Tudor-time villa known as meager Moreton Hall (c. 1550) in Cheshire, United Kingdom. In the United States, a Tudor-style home is actually a Tudor Revival, which basically investigates half-timbering as opposed to uncovering the auxiliary wooden bars on the outside veneer or the inside dividers. A notable case of this impact is the Nathan G. Moore house in Oak Park, Illinois. It is the house Frank Lloyd Wright abhorred, despite the fact that the youthful planner himself structured this conventional Tudor-affected American estate home in 1895. For what reason did Wright despise it? Albeit Tudor Revival was mainstream, the house that Wright truly needed to take a shot at was his own unique plan, a test current home that got known as the Prairie Style. His customer, be that as it may, needed a customarily noble structure of the world class. Tudor Revival styles were incredibly well known to a specific upper-white collar class area of the American populace from the late nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years. Definition The recognizable half-wooded was utilized casually to mean lumber surrounded development in the Middle Ages. For economy, round and hollow logs were sliced down the middle, so one log could be utilized for (at least two) posts. The shaved side was generally on the outside and everybody realized that it generally will be a large portion of the wood. The Dictionary of Architecture and Construction characterizes half-wooded along these lines: Unmistakable of structures of the sixteenth and seventeenth penny. which were worked with solid lumber establishments, supports, knees, and studs, and whose dividers were filled in with mortar or stone work materials, for example, block. Development Method After 1400 A.D., numerous European houses were brick work on the main floor and half-wooded on the upper floors. This plan was initially practical - not exclusively was the primary floor apparently progressively shielded from groups of raiders yet like todays establishments a stone work base could well help tall wooden structures. Its a structure model that proceeds with todays recovery styles. In the United States, settlers carried these European structure techniques with them, yet the unforgiving winters made half-wooded development unfeasible. The wood extended and contracted significantly, and the mortar and brick work filling between the lumbers couldn't keep unconscious drafts. Provincial developers started to cover outside dividers with wood clapboards or stone work. The Look Half-timbering was a famous European development strategy close to the furthest limit of the Middle Ages and into the rule of the Tudors. What we consider as Tudor engineering frequently has the half-wooded look. A few creators have picked the word Elizabethan to portray half-wooded structures. In any case, during the late 1800s, it got trendy to impersonate Medieval structure strategies. A Tudor Revival house communicated American achievement, riches, and respect. Lumbers were applied to outside divider surfaces as beautification. Bogus half-timbering turned into a famous kind of ornamentation in numerous nineteenth and twentieth-century house styles, including Queen Anne, Victorian Stick, Swiss Chalet, Medieval Revival (Tudor Revival), and, every so often, on present day Neotraditional houses and business structures. Models Until the genuinely ongoing development of fast transportation, for example, the cargo train, structures were built with neighborhood materials. In regions of the world that are normally forested, homes made of wood overwhelmed the scene. Our statement lumber originates from Germanic words meaning wood and wood structure. Consider yourself in a land loaded up with trees - todays Germany, Scandinavia, Great Britain, Switzerland, the sloping locale of Eastern France - and afterward consider how you can utilize those trees to assemble a house for your family. At the point when you chop down each tree, you may shout Timber! to caution individuals of its looming fall. At the point when you set up them to make a house, you can pile them up on a level plane like a log lodge or you can stack them vertically, similar to a barricade fence. The third method of utilizing wood to develop a house is to fabricate a crude cabin - utilize the wood to construct a casing and afterward put protecting materials in the middle of the edge. How much and what sorts of material you use will rely upon how unforgiving the climate is the place you are building. All through Europe, vacationers run to urban areas and towns that succeeded during the Middle Ages. Inside the Old Town territories, unique half-wooded engineering has been reestablished and kept up. In France, for instance, towns like Strasbourg close to the German outskirt and Troyes, around 100 miles southeast of Paris, have brilliant instances of this medieval structure. In Germany, Old Town Quedlinburg and the notable town of Goslar are both UNESCO Heritage Site. Surprisingly, Goslar is refered to not for its medieval design yet for its mining and water the executives rehearses that go back to the Middle Ages. Maybe generally prominent to the American vacationer are the English towns of Chester and York, two urban communities in northern England. In spite of their Roman starting points, York and Chester have gained notoriety for beingâ quintessentially British as a result of the some half-wooded homes. In like manner, Shakespeares origination and Anne Hathaways Cottage in Stratford-upon-Avon are notable half-wooded houses in the United Kingdom. The essayist William Shakespeare lived from 1564 until 1616, such a large number of the structures related with the renowned dramatist are half-wooded styles from the Tudor time. Sources Word reference of Architecture and Construction, Cyril M. Harris, ed., McGraw-Hill, 1975, p. 241Architecture through the Ages by Professor Talbot Hamlin, FAIA, Putnam, Revised 1953American House Styles: A Concise Guide by John Milnes Baker, AIA, Norton, 1994, p. 100

Humouring the reader Free Essays

It Isn’t the mother of all fights for pregnant ladies Confusion rules inside our general public as pregnant women’s minds are Influenced by media, doctor’s requests and desires. â€Å"Be calm. It Isn’t the mother of all fights for pregnant women†, a dust piece by creator Rite Panel was distributed on the 1 twelfth of May 2014 In the Herald Sun. We will compose a custom article test on Humoring the peruser or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Direct yet educational In tone, Panel declares that pregnant ladies ought to resist the changing and problematic exhortation of specialists and should restrict substance use for their ‘unborn child’. Accentuating on her position against pregnant ladies expending liquor, Panic outlines the vagueness of anticipating ladies when confronted with liquor. The closer view impersonating a genuine sky speaks to serenity, negating the desolate issue and recommending that there is a harmony between the enticements of liquor while expecting and making the best decision for your youngster. Frenzy deliberately utilizes a straight-on point to direct to the crowd that fairness Is unmistakable inside this issue. Frenzy likewise embeds a hand cap Is tilted upwards looking like a tick’ at the same time signaling rebellion, meaning vulnerability. In addition, the cleverness feature expressly declares a joke, humoring the peruser, at the same time Informing them with the candid tonal move. Receiving the tone of an offended spectator, Panel advances to the reader’s sympathy and humankind â€Å"an eager women’s diet, practice propensities, feelings of anxiety and birth plan all become a matter of open debates†, to endeavor to light an awareness of other's expectations to secure and help anticipating moms. Contending that there are â€Å"long-term consequences† on pregnant women’s wellbeing, the derisive language of â€Å"potentially devastating† and mocking â€Å"useful opinions† further recommends society is unconscious of the issues that is nearby with substance use while expecting, and is a type of assault on the reader’s. Elevating her disturbance, Panic embeds mockery when utilizing informal language â€Å"disturbing tidbits† and â€Å"bullied fatty’, Shepherding perusers to recognize her Inclusive’ endeavor to appear to be proficient In the creating scene. The most effective method to refer to Humoring the peruser, Papers

Free Essays on Pioneers Of Western Civilization

Western progress has various pioneers that helped structure the way of life to what it is today. A wide range of human advancements, for example, trackers and assembles, old Egyptians, and Sumerians added to western development. Without these various human advancements contributing, society would not be the place it is today. These developments of man contributed rural methods, laws with power, apparatuses, composing, arithmetic and religion. The main civic establishments were trackers and gatherers who meandered the terrains in urgent need of nourishment and materials. In the long run humankind would create strategies for developing nourishment, so they would not need to meander around roaming. The main progress to create rural procedures was the Neolithic social orders. By moving to farming matched with progresses in stone instrument innovation, brought the advancement of more prominent exactness. When trainings had occurred, individuals could move to regions where these plants and creatures didn't happen normally. The development of ceramics likewise empowered individuals to store surplus nourishments and fluids, and to ship them, just as to cook agrarian items were hard to eat. Additionally crops required steady consideration from planting to reap, so Neolithic ranchers constructed changeless abodes. The ranchers additionally fabricated little two-man roundabout hovels and bunched in bunches around a focal stockpiling place. Later individuals manufactured square and rectangular family measured house with singular stockpiling spots and walled in areas to house domesticated animals. Neolithic towns would in general act naturally adequate. The Ancient Egyptians acquired a culture that was one of a kind from numerous others of that specific time. At the point when individuals think about the Egyptian, they think about the pyramids, the sphinx, and the pharaohs. Numerous individuals don't understand the commitments the antiquated Egyptians made to western human advancement. They contributed through the laws and guidelines, which looked after society. The Egyptian individuals accepted that their... Free Essays on Pioneers Of Western Civilization Free Essays on Pioneers Of Western Civilization Western human advancement has various pioneers that helped structure the way of life to what it is today. A wide range of developments, for example, trackers and assembles, old Egyptians, and Sumerians added to western human advancement. Without these various civic establishments contributing, society would not be the place it is today. These human advancements of man contributed rural methods, laws with power, apparatuses, composing, arithmetic and religion. The principal civic establishments were trackers and gatherers who meandered the grounds in urgent need of nourishment and materials. In the end humankind would create strategies for developing nourishment, so they would not need to meander around itinerant. The principal human progress to create agrarian procedures was the Neolithic social orders. By moving to farming corresponded with propels in stone apparatus innovation, brought the advancement of more noteworthy accuracy. When trainings had occurred, individuals could move to zones where these plants and creatures didn't happen normally. The innovation of earthenware additionally empowered individuals to store surplus nourishments and fluids, and to move them, just as to cook agrarian items were hard to eat. Additionally crops required steady consideration from planting to reap, so Neolithic ranchers manufactured changeless homes. The ranchers additionally constructed little two-man roundabout cabins and bunched in bunches aroun d a focal stockpiling place. Later individuals manufactured square and rectangular family measured house with singular stockpiling spots and walled in areas to house domesticated animals. Neolithic towns would in general act naturally adequate. The Ancient Egyptians acquired a culture that was remarkable from numerous others of that specific time. At the point when individuals think about the Egyptian, they think about the pyramids, the sphinx, and the pharaohs. Numerous individuals don't understand the commitments the antiquated Egyptians made to western human progress. They contributed through the laws and guidelines, which looked after society. The Egyptian individuals accepted that their...

The Insider Secret on Stress Essay Topics Uncovered

The Insider Secret on Stress Essay Topics Uncovered Hearsay, Deception and Stress Essay Topics Take a while to write down what you have to do to complete that task. Write about a problem you have or wish to solve. You might feel sad or depressed and when you attempt to consider a means to repair your problems you go blank. In the same way as any other problem, step one is definitely to acknowledge it. Everyone deviates during precisely what's usually traumatic or simply everything that isn't likely. Do everything you can to receive a solid 79 hours of sleep a night making sleep a priority will pay you back in dividends in regards to long-term wellbeing and vitality. Such children are almost always anxious and worried of where and how they are going to get money. Even walking 30 minutes per day can help melt the strain and it makes a true difference in regards to your microbial wellness! This kind of attitude can develop an enormous amount of stress. The correct eating habits are very important. For those who have signals of stress very frequently, it is far better to do something about it so you may enhance your quality of life. There are two kinds of stress, we've got acute tension and chronic stress. Just about everyone has some kind of stress. There are positive steps which you are able to take to lower the quantity of stress which you are feeling. Stress which takes a lengthy time is helpful for body. By understanding stress levels, folks can't only find out more about themselves, they're also able to learn to succeed. Stress is a term most individuals are all too acquainted with. More frequently than not, other folks are the cause of a person's stress. Individuals that are stress sensitive or have experienced trauma might actually find deep breathing stressful, particularly if it feels forced. Stress management can be challenging and confusing since there are various forms of stress. Treating stress Treatment for stress consists of many distinct approaches and strategies. Some also think that Stress Acupuncture in London is an efficacious way to curb the consequences of stress. Chronic stress disrupts just about any system in our entire body. Stress is among the biggest psychological triggers of physiological changes within the body. It's evident that stress is truly part of our life. On the flip side, stress can cause us significant issues. Therefore, you can begin to see more clearly how stress is vital and necessary in some specific conditions. Rather than convincing the reader with just one answer to the essay question, an exploratory essay intends to look at unique opinions of solving a specific issue. Colleges can tell whenever your essay is only a form essay. Differences in the level and duration of stress exposure could cause people's bodies to reply in various ways. In conclusion, it has an advantages and disadvantages. In reality, the reason for stress can come from several things like the easy presence of uncertainty regarding an upcoming event. Now on the tactical front, there are lots of great advice on how to lessen stress on a day to day basis on the web. In the world today, the recognized fact concerning stress was rejected on account of the recent studies. For the whole summer, my anxiety grew astronomically with each commute. The 2nd psychosocial stressor explained in the write-up is the sensation of uncontrollability. Speaking about your social anxiety to a close peer, or merely using communication to repair a nutritious relationship are manners in which you can relieve some stresses.

Robert Stevenson Essay - 1629 Words

Robert Louis Stevenson began writing during the Victorian era. His style was unlike anyone elseamp;#8217;s and his stories are still popular today. Robert Louis Stevenson was an author of many classic novels and his literary success became popular when he wrote the mystery called The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Robert Louis Stevenson wrote The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in 1886 at the young age of thirty-six. He was born on November 13, 1850 in Edinburgh, Scotland. His father Thomas, was a builder of lighthouses. His mother Margaret came from a family of lawyers and church ministers. Robert chose not to follow in either of his parentamp;#8217;s footsteps. Instead, writing became his passion.†¦show more content†¦Stevenson had many good friends who were influential in his life. Sidney Colvin was a critic and a mentor to Stevenson and would review his works with praise. Colvin reviewed Stevensonamp;#8217;s book, An Inland Voyage, in 1878, and claimed the author is a amp;#8220; brilliant and entertaining writer; with amp;#8220;both gifts and promise,; as cited by Harris and Fitzgerald in Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticism, (386-387). Henry James was truly Stevensonamp;#8217;s closest friend and admirer, as stated in a critical essay written in 1887 by James, where h e defends Stevensonamp;#8217;s writing from Mr. Archer. James says, amp;#8220;Mr. Stevensonamp;#8217;s jauntiness is essential to his genius.; ( Harris, Laurie amp; Fitzgerald, Shelia; Nineteenth Century Literature Criticism, 401-403). Though critics praised Stevenson for his works, his books did not support him financially, until he wrote The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. While in California, Stevenson became ill and his father would send him money. He helped support Stevenson until his success of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, This success gave him a contract with Charles Scribneramp;#8217;s Sonamp;#8217;s in 1887, (Encyclopedia Britannica 240). That same year his father died leaving Stevenson his inheritance. He used the money to finance a trip to Samoa to better his health. In later years, he and his wife built their own home onShow MoreRelated`` Requiem `` By Robert Louis Stevenson Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pagesthink of when one brings up Robert Louis Stevenson? Perhaps his great works, Treasure Island or Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Maybe his successful and adventurous life, full of travel and fame (Editors). What one may not think of is the areas of his life that were wrought with disease, struggle and homesickness. Stevenson’s life was full of adventure, but much of it was as a result of him attempting to escape his tubercular existence (Bosch). The themes presented in Robert Louis Stevenson’s lesser knownRead MoreRobert Louis Stevenson Influences1344 Words   |  6 PagesExternal Influences on Stevenson’s Writings â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson was a familiar title to me and prior to reading it I believed I was well versed about the story. I knew that Dr. Jekyll was an intelligent man who experimented with the idea of creating a more powerful version of him that would release his deepest inhibitions. In addition, I believed that the people of the town were not fully aware of Mr. Hyde, only that there was a monsterRead MoreThe Life and Writings of Robert Louis Stevenson2668 Words   |  11 PagesRobert Louis Stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson is one of the greatest authors to hail from Britain. His writings have been enjoyed by countless since he masterfully wrote them down. Stevenson uses characterization, imagery, and conflict to keep his readers captivated by his works in Treasure Island, Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Kidnapped. Robert Louis Stevenson was born on November 13, 1850 in Scotland. Being the only son of a famous civil engineer, Stevenson was expected to continueRead MoreSummary Of Kidnapped By Robert Louis Stevenson1125 Words   |  5 PagesRachel Alarcio Title: Kidnapped Setting: (Where) The novel primarily takes place in the Highlands and off the northern coast of Scotland, with the minority taking place in the Scottish Lowlands. Protagonist(s): David Balfour Period: Two Author: Robert Louis Stevenson (When) The story takes place from June 1751 through the end of August 1751. Antagonist(s): Ebenezer Balfour Describe the relationship between the protagonist and antagonist. 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In hisRead More The Strange Case Of Dr Jekyll And Hyde, by Robert Stevenson Essay694 Words   |  3 PagesThe Strange Case Of Dr Jekyll And Hyde,By Robert Stevenson The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, The separation of Jekyll into two beings, Jekyll and Hyde, is an symbol for humankinds conflicting forces of good and evil. These characters bring to life the inner struggle between the two powers of the soul. Jekyll portrays the good side of human nature in this narrative. He is the protagonist of the novel. Dr. Jekyll is an intelligent, tall, and dignified man of late middle age. TheRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde By Robert Stevenson Essay2071 Words   |  9 PagesA Literature Review: Analysis of conflicts between temptation and conscience in human nature The well-known story titled The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde written by Robert Stevenson (2003), can be interpreted in many different ways as evidenced by several critics contrasting themes. 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School Choice For K 12 Students - 1539 Words

Abstract School choice for K-12 students is still a controversial education reform topic. Choice programs for education include school vouchers, tax-credits scholarships, individual tax credit, and Education Savings Accounts (ESA), provide financial support to families who wish to access private schooling for their child (Wolf, 2016). There are now 61 private school choice programs in 30 states and the District of Columbia (Forster, 2016). Texas publicly funded school choices are limited to public schools and some charter schools. This paper explores the empirical evidence on school choice to establish an argument for expanding school choice in Texas, particularly the school voucher program. We will examine the empirical evidence involving all five domains 1. Academic outcomes of choice participants, 2. Academic outcomes of public school, 3. Fiscal impact on taxpayers and public schools, 4. Racial segregation in schools and 5. Civic values and practices. And lastly will look at surveys to find public opinions on K-12 school choice programs, especially millennials who are more than any other generations to have children in K-12 school. Background School choice programs is a variety of choices in which parents can actively choose where to send their children. It can be divided into public school choice and private school choice as in self-financed private schooling, publicly funded school vouchers, tax-credit scholarships and Education Savings Accounts (ESA). In 1990,Show MoreRelatedA Modern Alternative to Textbooks Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagesonline). Schools have been using textbooks for as long as anyone can remember. In fact, some textbooks were found from as early as the 16th century(Goslin online). With the many new developments in technology, it’s time for a change. Schools should store away those heavy textbooks and make the switch to electronic tablets. 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The students can manage and access the materials easily (Kearsley, 2005).  The technology can also be in the form of electronic voting system where teachers can gauge how much their students know about a particular concept or topic. LastlyRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Textbooks In K-12 Schools1216 Words   |  5 Pagesdominated computers and laptops in the workforce and textbooks in some schools in the United States. As tablets are becoming more prevalent, a debate has been established regarding whether K-12 school districts should switch from print textbooks to digital textbooks on tablets in the classroom. In definition, a tablet is a handheld computer, but they are usually much bigger than a cell phone. 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In literature circles, small groups of students gather together to discuss a piece of literatureRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Schools And Schools1424 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction: Technology in Schools Through the course of this paper which will discuss the how affective technology can be utilized in schools. The main reason for technology in schools is simply improving the comminutions between the students, parents, teachers, administrators and staff. Now there are many ways in which they can reach someone or find out information whether it’s by phone, by the schools website, by email, by the schools television station, or directly. These multiple ways makeRead MoreThe Impact Of Educational Attainment On Stem Amongst Underrepresented Populations939 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican American students averaged 2.24 whereas Whites students averaged 2.77. In that same study African Americans scored 100 points lower in mathematics than their counterparts. 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Generally Accepted Accounting Principles free essay sample

Is Eye Vision’s arrangement with Holland Hospital within the scope of ASC 985-605, Software: Revenue Recognition? In this case, the main content of the Eye Vision’s arrangement with Holland Hospital include embedded software medical equipment and an initial option to purchase a two-year separately priced maintenance agreement. In this case, becauseâ€Å"Eye Vision has never sold, nor does it offer to sell, the Clear View Laser without the embedded software because the software is necessary to perform the medical procedures for which the laser is intended†, and â€Å"Eye Vision has never sold, nor does it offer to sell, the Clear View Laser without the embedded software because the software is necessary to perform the medical procedures for which the laser is intended†. So the software components and non software components of tangible product could be consider function together to deliver the tangible product’s essential functionality, so according the FASB codification 985-605-15-4 and 985-605-15-4A, the equipment and the software are excluded from the Software: Revenue Recognition. , Accordingly, the initial option to purchase a two-year separately priced maintenance agreement on the Clear View would be nonsoftware deliverables excluded from the scope of Software: Revenue Recognition. The guidance in this Subtopic does not apply to the following transactions and activities: e. Software components of tangible products that are sold, licensed, or leased with tangible products when the software components and nonsoftware components of the tangible product function together to deliver the tangible product’s essential functionality. ASC 985-605-15-4A a. If sales of the tangible product without the software elements are infrequent, a rebuttable presumption exists that software elements are essential to the functionality of the tangible product. 2. What are the deliverables in this arrangement? In this case, the main content of the Eye Vision’s arrangement with Holland Hospital include embedded software medical equipment and an initial option to purchase a two-year separately priced maintenance agreement which includes telephone support, repair or replacement of nonconforming parts, software updates, and bug fixes for the software. In this case, the deliverables are three parts. The first part is the Clear View Laser equipment and the second part is the software which is embedded in the Clear View Laser equipment, and the last part is the initial option maintenance. That’s because according the FASB codification 605-25-15-2 all deliverables which include products, services, or right to use assets, compared with this case, the Clear View Laser equipment is the product and embedded software is the right of use assets, both of these two deliverables could be delivered firstly, and the maintenance is the service could be delivered later. References from FASB codification ASC 605-25-15-2 Except as described in the following paragraph, the guidance in this Subtopic applies to: a. All deliverables (that is, products, services, or rights to use assets) within contractually binding arrangements (whether written, oral, or implied, and hereinafter referred to as arrangements) in all industries under which a vendor will perform multiple revenue-generating activities. 3. On the basis of the responses to Questions 1 and 2, what are the units of accounting in this arrangement? The contract between Eye Vision and Holland Hospital includes the Clear View Laser which with the embedded software and a two-year separately priced maintenance agreement. Eye Vision has never sold the Clear View Laser. [? leiz?   without the embedded software. The Eye Vision maintenance agreement is available only to purchasers of the Clear View Laser and has never been sold separately. There is not a general right of return for sales of the Clear View Laser. The delivered item is the Clear View Laser with the embedded software while the undelivered item is the two-year separately priced maintenance agreement. Based on ASC 605-25-25-5 of FASB, there are two conditions should be met if the delivered item or items shall be considered a separate unit of accounting. One is that the delivered item or items have value to the customer on a standalone basis. Another one is the consideration of the general right of return relative to the delivered item, if there is a general right of return relative to the delivered item, delivery or performance of the undelivered item or items is considered probable and substantially in the control of the vendor. Based on an evaluation of the circumstances, the first condition for separation is met for the Clear View Laser with the embedded software. That is, the Clear View Laser with the embedded software has value on a standalone basis because it is sold separately by Eye Vision Inc. The second condition is also met because there are no general rights of return in this arrangement. Therefore, the Clear View Laser with the embedded software and the two-year separately priced maintenance services should be accounted for as separate units of accounting. References from FASB codification ASC 605-25-25-5 In an arrangement with multiple deliverables, the delivered item or items shall be considered a separate unit of accounting if both of the following criteria are met: a. The delivered item or items have value to the customer on a standalone basis. The item or items have value on a standalone basis if they are sold separately by any vendor or the customer could resell the delivered item(s) on a standalone basis. In the context of a customers ability to resell the delivered item(s), this criterion does not require the existence of an observable market for the deliverable(s). b. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 2009-13 c. If the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item, delivery or performance of the undelivered item or items is considered probable and substantially in the control of the vendor. This diagram represents an overview of the provisions of this Subtopic with respect to determining the separate units of accounting in an arrangement and should, therefore, be reviewed in conjunction with the guidance in the entire Subtopic. 4. On the basis of the responses to Question 3, discuss the revenue recognition accounting literature that would be applied to each unit of accounting identified in this arrangement. There are two units of accounting on the basis of the responses to Question. The first one is the Clear View Laser with the embedded software; and the second one is the two-year separately priced maintenance services. Based on ASC 605-25-25-2 (c) of FASB, it points out that applicable revenue recognition criteria shall be considered separately for separate units of accounting. For the Clear View Laser with the embedded software, it applies ASC 605-10 of FASB, the overall revenue recognition. Based on ASC 605-10-25-1, the recognition of revenue and gains involves consideration of two factors. One is that the revenue and gains are realized or realizable. Revenue and gains are realized when products (goods or services), merchandise, or other assets are exchanged for cash or claims to cash. Revenue and gains are realizable when related assets received or held are readily convertible to known amounts of cash or claims to cash. The other one is that revenue and gains are earned. Revenues are considered to have been earned when the entity has substantially accomplished what it must do to be entitled to the benefits represented by the revenues. In this case, after the contract is signed, Eye Vision will receive $1 million for the Clear View Laser, which means revenue and gains are realizable because related assets received or held are readily convertible to known amounts of cash or claims to cash. Eye Vision can recognize revenue and gains of the Clear View Laser if the entity has substantially accomplished what it must do to be entitled to the benefits represented by the revenues. For the maintenance services, it applies ASC 605-20-25 of FASB, the revenue recognition of services. Based on ASC 605-20-25-3, Sellers of extended warranty or product maintenance contracts have an obligation to the buyer to perform services throughout the period of the contract and, therefore, revenue shall be recognized in income over the period in which the seller is obligated to perform. So the revenue from the two-year separately priced maintenance services should be deferred and recognized in income on a straight-line basis over the contract period. References from FASB codification ASC 605-25-25-2 The principles applicable to this Subtopic are as follows: c. Applicable revenue recognition criteria shall be considered separately for separate units of accounting. ASC 605-10-25-1 The recognition of revenue and gains of an entity during a period involves consideration of the following two factors, with sometimes one and sometimes the other being the more important consideration: a. Being realized or realizable. Revenue and gains generally are not recognized until realized or realizable. Paragraph 83(a) of FASB Concepts Statement No. , Recognition and Measurement in Financial Statements of Business Enterprises, states that revenue and gains are realized when products (goods or services), merchandise, or other assets are exchanged for cash or claims to cash. That paragraph states that revenue and gains are realizable when related assets received or held are readily convertible to known amounts of cash or claims to cash. b. Being earned. Paragraph 83(b) of FASB Concepts Statement No. 5, Recognition and Measurement in Financial Statements of Business Enterprises, states that revenue is not recognized until earned. That paragraph states that an entitys revenue-earning activities involve delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or other activities that constitute its ongoing major or central operations, and revenues are considered to have been earned when the entity has substantially accomplished what it must do to be entitled to the benefits represented by the revenues. That paragraph states that gains commonly result from transactions and other events that involve no earning process, and for recognizing gains, being earned is generally less significant than being realized or realizable. ASC 605-20-Currently Viewing: 605  Revenue Recognition 20  Services 25  Recognition General gt; Separately Priced Extended Warranty and Product Maintenance Contracts Currently Viewing: 605  Revenue Recognition 20  Services 25  Recognition General gt; Separately Priced Extended Warranty and Product Maintenance Contracts 25-3 Sellers of extended warranty or product maintenance contracts have an obligation to the buyer to perform services throughout the period of the contract and, therefore, revenue shall be recognized in income over the period in which the seller is obligated to perform. That is, revenue from separately priced extended warranty and product maintenance contracts shall be deferred and recognized in income on a straight-line basis over the contract period except in those circumstances in which sufficient historical evidence indicates that the costs of performing services under the contract are incurred on other than a straight-line basis. In those circumstances, revenue shall be recognized over the contract period in proportion to the costs expected to be incurred in performing services under the contract.

Mozart free essay sample

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on January 27th, 1756; In Salisbury Austria. Born with the full name Johannes Chromosomes Wolfgang Audiophiles Mozart, he quickly shortened it to Wolfgang Mozart by his early teenage years. His father, Leopold Mozart, was the assistant concert master in the Salisbury royal court. While his mother, Anna Marl Pertly, was born Into a family of wealthy community leaders. His sister Maria Anna, was given the knick;name of Manner.By mimicking her playing on the harpsichord, Mozart developed a strong concept of chords, until he was also playing alongside of her. Mozart started playing the violin when he was four years old, and was composing his own music by his fifth birthday. When Mozart became SIX, and when his sister was eleven, Mozart father started on their tours across Europe to showcase the duos young prodigal talents in 1762. They stopped in Paris, London, The Hogue, as well as Zurich. We will write a custom essay sample on Mozart or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When Manner became of age to marry, Mozart obtained the shot that kick-started his career. When Mozart became thirteen, he was appointed assistant concertmaster with a small salary In the Salisbury court. With this he was given the opportunity to compose symphonies, string quartets, sonatas, serenades, and a few operas. During his tours with his father, he held a meeting with Johannes Bach, who was Interested with the young prodigy. They quickly became teacher and pupil. But at times, roles would switch. The lowest point of the trip was when Mozart mother died on July 3rd, 1778. However, the sixth year after 1784 became the most promising for Mozart, in which e appeared in 22 concerts. During this time he composed many famous pieces Including The Coronation Mansard the Clarinet Concerto In A minor, as well as many minor pieces for soloists. However, this time had to come to an end. With the poor salary, he complained his troubles to the Salisbury ruler, which inferred an abrupt striping of his title and an immediate exit of Salisbury court. He moved to Vienna and worked as a freelance Musician. After a while, money began to run out, HIS father pleaded for a position for his son, and after a while, Mozart was soon back in is old position, but settled in Vienna.Mozart met Castanet in 1781, He was under suspicion to marry her by the end of the year. He denied the idea for a while, but he was asking permission of her father by December 1871. They announced the marriage In January 1782 and by August 4th, 1782, they were married In the royal court. The couple settled down in a lavish apartment in Vienna. They had six children, but only two survived past infancy, Karl Thomas and Franz Xavier. During the period from 1790 to 1791, Mozart composed many of his most famous pieces.The pear The Magic Flute, the final Plano concerto In B;flat, the Clarinet Concerto In A minor, and the unfinished Requiem to name a few were written during this time. In 1791, Mozart conducted the Prague for the premier of the opera La clemency did Nas not to be. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died on December 5, 1791 at age 35. The record lists the cause as severe military fever, a mustard seed rash was mentioned to be on his body during the funeral. Mozart, with all of his achievements, was buried in common grave after the mundane funeral in which few mourners attended.The one song that was left behind unfinished was the famous Requiem. He wrote this on his death bed, with the quill in his hand as he died. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart influenced many people and social circles in which he Nas involved in. He influenced the musical world by introducing the Basset clarinet and the Piano into major orchestras and symphonies. Mozart was considered one of the greatest composers of all time. According to Bio. Com, His music presented a bold expression, often times complex and dissonant, and required high technical mastery room the musicians who performed it. Mozart free essay sample Something miraculous hovers above the music of Mozart. His elegant writing and his rich instrumental colors sound effortless. This deceptive simplicity is the secret of his art. Mozart was born in Salisbury, Austria, the son of Leopold Mozart, an esteemed composer-violinist at the court of the Archbishop of Salisbury. The most extraordinarily gifted child in the history of music, he started to compose before he NAS five, and, with his talented sister Manner, performed at the court of Empress Maria Theresa at the age of six. By age thirteen, the boy had written sonatas, concertos, symphonies, religious works, and several operas. The high-spirited young artist rebelled against the social restrictions imposed by the patronage system and at twenty-five established himself in Vienna as a struggling freelance musician. In 1782, he married Constance Weber, against his domineering fathers wishes. He reached the peak of his career in the late sass with his three comic operas (The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Coos fan tutee) on librettos by Lorenz dad Point. We will write a custom essay sample on Mozart or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although in or health, Mozart continued to produce masterpieces for the Viennese public, including his Clarinet Concerto (he was one of the first to compose for this new instrument) and his final opera, The Magic Flute (1791). With a kind of fevered desperation, he then turned to the Requiem Mass, which had been commissioned by a music-loving count. There are Indications that Mozart became obsessed with the notion that this Mass for the Dead was Intended for himself and that he would not live to finish it. He died on December 4, 1791, shortly before his thirty-sixth birthday.Mozart is revered for the inexhaustible wealth of elegant and sinful melodies. His instrumental music combines a sense of drama with contrasts of mood ranging from lively and playful to solemn and tragic. His orchestration Is colorful, and his development sections full of chromatic harmonies. HIS symphonic masterpieces are the six written in the final decade of his life. In chamber music, Mozart, Like Haydn, favored the string quartet. His last ten quartets are some of the finest In the literature, among them a set of six dedicated to Haydn. Mozart free essay sample Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is one of the greatest music composers who ever lived. His name and the word genius are often bandied about together by music writers and critics and many would argue rightly so. Mozart had a fantastic ear for writing a catchy melody with perfect orchestral arrangement. His compositions have a rich and distinctive sound; it can be said that in his brief 35 years of life that he wrote a masterpiece in every genre of classical music without much apparent effort. Mozart had an innate comprehension of music that lead him to be one of the most evolutionary composers of all time.Mozart innate musical genius can be observed In records of his early life, In his compositions, and In scientific studies, Mozart began showing his talents when he was Just three years old. He composed his first piece of music at age five; he had his first piece published when he was seven; and he wrote his first opera when he was twelve. We will write a custom essay sample on Mozart or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By the time Wolfgang was 6, he was an excellent pianist and violinist. Mozart father began touring Mozart and his sister not Just locally, but also internationally! During their trip to London, Mozart abilities were tested scientifically. In a famous report written by Dales Barrington, we learn about Mozart extraordinary talents. Barrington brought a manuscript, never before seen by Mozart, which was composed with 5 parts with one part written in an Italian style Contralto clef, and set it in front of the young Mozart, Just 8 years old, sitting at the keyboard. Barrington writes: The score was no sooner put upon his desk, than he began to play the symphony in a most masterly manner, as well as in the time and tile that corresponded with the Intention of the composerImpressed by Mozart performance, Barrington requested to Mozart to Improvise and perform a Love Song in operatic style that Barrington famous opera singer friend, Amazons. Would choose to perform. Barrington again writes: [Mozart] began five or six lines of a jargon recitative proper to introduce a love song. He then played a symphony It had a first and second part, which together with the symphonies, was of the length that opera songs generally last: if this extempore composition was not amazingly capital, yet it as really above mediocrity, and showed most extraordinary readiness of invention.Again, an Impressed Barrington made a salary request to Mozart, only this time to perform a song of Rage. Mozart, again, presented a similar performance, except he beat his harpsichord like a person possessed, rising sometimes in his chair. Afterward, Barrington had Mozart complete a series of difficult keyboard lessons. Barrington once again writes of Mozart: His astonishing readiness, however, did not arise merely from great practice; he had a thorough knowledge of the fundamental reminisces of composition, as, upon producing a treble, he immediately wrote a base under It, which, when tried, had very good effect.He was also a great master of modulation, and his transitions from one key to another were excessively natural and judicious (Deutsche) upon listening, Mozart music has an air of inevitability or rightness. Yet, it also manages to possess an air of unpredictability. This is another paradox of Mozart. It is unpredictable due to its complexity and depth, and familiar due to Its subtlety and prefect proportion. It Is the perfect proportion which makes act that the melodies are logically placed to fit the harmonies or the fugal form can make them sound forced and at times artificial.The melodies dont come naturally, but are logically placed. With Beethoven, the extremes in dynamics or orchestration can also often sound forced and artificial. One may say that Bach was willing to sacrifice melodic grace for complex harmony and counterpoint, and Beethoven for dynamic power. Mozart however sacrifices nothing, for the music Just comes naturally. For example, in the Art of Fugue, Bach manages to logically work out a home which achieves harmonic coherence when used in several different contrapuntal forms.The angularity and the forced nature of the melodies however do suggest that they are logically worked out so that they fit the harmonies in such contrapuntal forms. In effect, the themes play functional rather than independent melodic roles. However, in the finale of Mozart Symphony no. 41 in C Major (K. 551), Mozart introduces several independent melodies, and then unexpectedly combines all of them together in the coda. All this seems so effortless and natural, that the unnatural complexity is lost in us. Unlike Bach, Mozart has not logically forced melodies to fit the harmony or structure, but has simply created several independent melodies that fit together perfectly in what is perhaps the most brilliant show of contrapuntal combination in the history of music. Mozart ability to create complex music in such subtle ways reveals another of his qualities: his ability to achieve what he sets out to achieve using the minimum number of notes. His music is incredibly economical. He seemed to know exactly what to put in, as well as what to leave out.Whereas Beethoven creates a dramatic effect with deviations from harmonic law, extreme dynamics, deliberate dissonances, and a large number of voices, Mozart can create an effect as dramatic without going to extremes in dynamics, dissonances, or number of voices. An example is his Symphony no. 40 in G Minor (K. 550), in which Mozart creates deep passion and emotion while containing the music within limits he never breaks the rules of harmony, the dynamics never go below piano or above forte, the dissonances are all contained within tonality, and the orchestra is small.Mozart music manages to achieve complexity and drama without going to extremes. The accounts of Mozart musical ability are unbelievable. He could write down a piece of music while thinking out another in his head. He would often think out a piece and write down the individual parts before compiling a full score. Already as a very young child he was improvising fugues and composing substantial pieces. The only composer who comes near to Mozart as a child prodigy is Mendelssohn, who composed the overture to A Midsummer Nights Dream as a teenager. HoweverMendelssohn failed to develop much further, and although his music reveals an excellent sense of proportion, harmony, and passion, he lacks the complexity and subtlety which Mozart has over other composers. Amazingly prolific, Mozart composed over six hundred large-scale pieces, as well as many unknown works and fragments, in his tragically short life. Furthermore, he conquered virtually every medium with his music. And all this seemed effortless: in a letter to his wife, Mozart tells her about how he wrote an aria one afternoon out of sheer boredom!To top it all if, his music shows little correction, and he composes at amazing speed. Whereas Beethoven would spend months or years on a piece, Mozart would spend hours, period of six weeks. So what can be concluded about Mozart? From what I have provided, it is difficult not to be amazed by him. To me, his music represents the attainment of musical perfection. It transcends the music of other composers. If I Mere to make a list of great composers, relatively high on the scale would be the epic greats, such as Haydn, Mendelssohn, and Tchaikovsky.

Cloning to Revive Extinct Species essays

Cloning to Revive Extinct Species essays Good morning class, today I will be speaking to you about the topic on Should cloning be used to revive extinct species? I say no. Unnecessary , irresponsible and rash are the words that spring to my mind when this question is asked. How can man consciously play god, and unrelently contiunue to attempt to revive extinct species via cloning, when undoubtedly he has seen his mistakes in the past and continue to do this for his own benefit? Dolly is the most famous sheep in the world. She looks much like any other sheep, but she has been cloned from another adult sheep. Her announcement in February 1997 led to an unprecedented media circus which caused as much confusion as it shed light. The attention focused mainly on speculations about the possibility, or otherwise, of cloning humans but also speculations of cloning extinct species But it does prompt us to ask questions about the way we are using animals with new technology, and the kinds of assumptions we make. Cloning had already been done to a limited degree by splitting embryos, mostly in cattle, and raised ethical and welfare concerns in the process. But assuming it could be applied more widely in the fact of reviving extinct animals, many more issues can be brought up. Tell me, for what benefit would cloning extinct species bring to our society? To you perhaps? Yes, perhaps you could say, the animal would have another chance at life, but what is the real reason we want to do it? For our own COMFORT of course, knowing that if we can kill of a species, perhaps we can just bring it back again. Bingo. I see attempting to revive exctinct species as a direct misuse of research and conservation funds which would better be directed elsewhere. It is terrible that now, the government is not even paying attention to the present state of the environment enough, and now they are thinking about cloning dinosaurs and mammoths from 44 thousand , to 44 million years ago. Society ...

A Journey from Paper to Paperless Office Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Journey from Paper to Paperless Office - Essay Example 635- 650; 2005; Dos Santos & Wright, pp.53- 64; 2001; Miesing, pp753-770, 2003; Salmon, pp.491-502, 2000; Scifres et al., pp247-250, 2003). For example, Cohen and Lippert (pp745, 2005) commented that computer-based workflow "may be useful for skills-based training but may not be useful for creative-thinking workflow or general paperless workplace." Thus, several researchers have suggested that rather than replacing traditional with on-line workflow, the benefits of both traditional and paperless techniques could be realized through mixed-mode workflow in which face-to-face business but paperless workflow which is enhanced by using the Web (Bigelow, pp. 635- 650; 2005; Bilimoria, pp.232-243, 2006; Dos Santos & Wright, pp.53- 64; 2001; Human et al., pp.584- 606, 2005; Miesing,pp753-770; 2003; Parikh & Verma, pp. 27- 46, 2002; Salmon, pp. 491-502, 2000). Such a mixed mode of interaction usually consists of traditional workplace workflow augmented by using a web portal that enables emplo yees to--among other things--continue discussion of project concepts and cases outside the workplace (when travelling etc) using a bulletin board; conduct group work on-line through chat rooms; take tests on-line; and access office files, collaborate and communicate, video/voice conference on-line (e.g., Bigelow, pp. 635- 650; 2005; Dos Santos & Wright, pp.53- 64; 2001; Fredickson, pp.67-77, 2005; Shrivastava, pp.691-702, 2005). Specifically, a firm that operates as an intelligent ... services to clients; creates a collaborative culture that encourages sharing and learning; and deploys technology solutions that help eliminate repeatable processes, capture knowledge, enhance client communications, and attract and retain the most talented professionals. Researchers have argued that "paperless workplace in particular, could benefit from the use of some of these technologies" in conjunction with traditional methods (Bilimoria, pp.232-243, 2006; Dos Santos & Wright, pp.53- 64; 2001: 53; Salmon, pp. 491-502, 2000). Transferring administrative and purely informational aspects of workflow to the web portal frees up office time for employees to work on interpersonal and communication skills, which are critical to success in project completion, which have been found to be best developed through face-to-face traditional methods (e.g., Bigelow, pp. 635- 650; 2005; Dos Santos & Wright, pp.53- 64; 2001; Scifres et al., pp. 247-250, 2003). The use of a web portal as a supplement to traditional management projects has also been found to increase employees' participation in discussion of cases and project concepts and to lead to more thorough and higher quality discussion than in traditional workplaces alone (Bilimoria, pp.232-243, 2006; Dos Santo s & Wright, pp.53- 64; 2001). Paperless workplace researchers have also demonstrated that by encouraging an active workplace environment in which employees communicate virtually and asynchronously, the use of a web portal can help develop technological and communications skills that enable employees to increase their productivity and get more comfortable with computers in the workplace" (Meisel & Marx, 2005: 719). A web portal can also be used to reduce the number of in-office lectures and face-to-face group meetings in a

Management - Entrepreneurial Managers Term Paper

Management - Entrepreneurial Managers - Term Paper Example In such an environment, the competitive advantage of a business or manager may be insufficient. This indicates that mangers need to have an extra skill or advantage. Entrepreneurial skill is an essential skill that managers need to have. This essay will seek to establish why managers in modern organizations need to become entrepreneurs. An organization cannot dispense its duties without a manager. This proves that mangers are critical for the existence of an organization. However, critical role of mangers might be organization requires managers who have relevant entrepreneurial skills. Management revolves around management ideas and theories. An effective manager is therefore, expected to have sufficient of such knowledge. In addition to the knowledge, a manager is expected to bring innovations into the business. Their role therefore, involves discovering new ideas that are based on proved management knowledge. Ideas and innovations are critical to organizations. However, they are in sufficient to sustain an organization in the modern, competitive business environment (Bade, Michael, 2001). By becoming entrepreneurs, mangers will be able to apply their knowledge and innovations to produce useful products and services. Application of established knowledge and innovations creates competitive advantage of a business. ... The future of a business is therefore, essential for its existence. Managers are trained to produce working solution to immediate business problems. This implies that manager operate to attain short-term goals and objectives in an organization. Although short-term goals and focus is essential in an organization, long-term planning is of equal importance. Unlike managers, entrepreneurs focus on long-term objectives of a business organization and their implications to the business. Entrepreneurs therefore, conduct a business with long-term objectives and plans. An entrepreneur will focus on how a new product will create a breakthrough in the market while a manager will be concerned with the improvement of existing products. The two roles are important to a business however, the role played by entrepreneurs is of greater importance since it includes the other role. Acquiring entrepreneurship skills will enable managers to balance the two roles within an organization. Becoming an entrepr eneur will also enable managers to have long-term objective for the business. The main duty of an entrepreneur is to organize other factors of production and such roles involve taking of risks (Hirshleifer & Hirshleifer, 2005). Entrepreneurs therefore, expect a reward for the risks they assume. On the other hand, managers have the responsibility of ensuring that things in an organization are running according to the plan. Managers therefore, work according to a preset strategy or plan. Unlike managers, entrepreneurs are capable of varying their working strategy to cope with their expectations. Entrepreneurs are flexible in their duties and operations. Flexibility is an indispensable quality in modern business environment due to the unpredictability. Becoming entrepreneurs will

Literary Canon Definition Essay Example for Free

Literary Canon Definition Essay A literary canon is a classification of literature. It is compromised of literary works that share similar or related characteristics and are considered to be the most important of a specific time frame or place. The process in which a work is canonized is completely subjective. And just as the judgments and opinions of people change over time, so do literary canons. The status a work receives when it is entered into a literary canon is based on its relevance to the time period. Therefore a social change such as the feminist movement can determine what works are added and removed from a literary canon  Both the works of Gail Godwin’s â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman† and Karen Van Der Zee’s â€Å" A Secret Sorrow† were composed during the rise of feminism. However, the perspective of woman each work has varies greatly. â€Å" A Secret Sorrow† reflects the stereotypical view of woman that the feminist movement so strongly opposed. The view that woman are child bearing objects and should complete the role of the traditional housewife is irrelevant to the social changes happening during time period. In stark contrast, â€Å" A Sorrowful Woman† is written about a woman who is weary and unsatisfied with her role as a mother and child. She even goes as far as to detach herself from her family and isolate herself into one room. This perspective ties closely with way many women felt during the time period when feminism was rising. Thus its social and historical relevance to the time period makes â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman† a much better fit to be entered into the literary canon.

How does Miller show his ability to build up tension in this extract? E

How does Miller show his ability to build up tension in this extract? (page 50 "How about some grape juice" - page 52 "the court did not know him Annie!) Throughout the play "all my sons" Miller thoroughly expresses his ability to change and strengthen our emotions and develop tension between characters. I found this effect of tension particularly evident in this extract, a discussion between George, Chris and Annie. Due to past history, we already know that feelings between Chris and George are going to be "on edge". It appears that tension is already apparent in the first few lines although the overall atmosphere appears fairly mellow and laid back: "How about some grape juice? Mother made it especially for you" -Chris George replies with forced appreciation, perhaps indicating that he doesn't really want to be there. The argument between Chris and George doesn't actually begin until George states: "When you make suckers out of people once, you shouldn't try to do it twice." I believe this hurtful remark against Chris is in view of his father. By ...

Hrm- Evaluation of Training

International Research Journal of Finance and Economics ISSN 1450-2887 Issue 37 (2010)  © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010 http://www. eurojournals. com/finance. htm Methods of Evaluation: Training Techniques Mahmoud M. AL-Ajlouni Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Business Administration Irbid National University, Irbid Jordan E-mail: [email  protected] com Salah M. H Athamneh Assistant Professor, Deptt. Humanities Jordan University of Science and technology Irbid, Jordan Abdulnaser A.Jaradat Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Marketing Irbid National University, Irbid, Jordan Abstract The Evaluation of any training programme has certain aims to fulfill. These are concerned with the determination of change in the organizational behavior and the change needed in the organizational structure. Hence evaluation of any training program must inform us whether the training programme has been able to deliver the goals and objectives in terms of cost incurred and benefits achieved.The analysis of the information is the concluding part of any evaluation programme. The analysis of data should be summarized and then compared with the data of other training programmes similar nature. On the basis of these comparisons, problems and strength should be identified which would help the trainer in this future training programmes, to stop short of completion of the training systems design methodology, by avoiding the evaluation,our training effectiveness is reneging on our commitment to our students.The future requires more precise, reliable evaluation strategies, we like to think of training effectiveness evaluation in the same way that we think of surveillance tests in the plant, we perform training effectiveness evaluations to ensure our programmes work effectively. Keywords: Training Programme, On –the-Job-Training, Off-the-Job-Training, Training Techniques,Evaluation Methods. IntroductionIn the modern computer era training has gained the reputation of dynamic concept wh ich needs to be understood in that perspective most of the modern organization which do not respond to the dynamic change that are seen in changed environment may well fail to respond to the needs of organization and people. Hence organization virtually needs to aspire to respond to the change in the environment. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010) 57 These changes may be concerned with organizational or individual behavior may be concerned with the structural change.Training is one of most important and effective means of bringing about change in an organization. Training is system which feed the needs. Skills. And knowledge of the people working in the organization†¦ these skills and knowledge are acquired to fulfill a specify purpose or goal. Concept of Training Training has been defined by a number of scholars and trainers like Change agents. Some of the definitions are as follows: According to Fllippo:† the act of increasi ng the skills of an employee for doing a particular Job† can be termed as training. Similarly Steinmetz has observed. â€Å"Training is a term process utilizing a systematic and organized procedure by which non-personnel learns technical knowledge and skills for a definite purpose†. 2 From the above definitions it can asserted training is a technique concerned with the development of skills and knowledge in particular actor discipline. Training enhances and improves person’s skills. Imparts knowledge to change person’s attitudes and values towards a particular direction. William G. Torpey has defined training as â€Å"the process of developing skills. Habits.Knowledge and attitudes in employees for the purpose of increasing effectiveness of employees in their present government positions as well as preparing employees for future government positions†. 3 The above definition of training is based on assumption that all training is not necessary and al l training is not beneficial. Training is a technique which properly focuses and direct towards the achievement of particular goals and objectives of the organization. Hence identification of training needs is first and probably the most important step towards the identification of training techniques.The process of identifying training needs is carefully thought out programme that needs to be carried out with sensitivity because success of a training programme may be crucial for the survival of the organization. Objectives of training must be determined to pave way for the assertion of proper techniques of training. Training is imparted to people in organization with certain defined objectives and goals. However it must be remembered that the goals and objectives of organization differ to a great extent. Hence the defined objectives of a training programme should be assessed in the light of the goals of that organization.In 1944. Assheton Committee stated the objectives of training in the following manner: 4 (a) It endeavors to produce a civil servant whose precision and clarity in the transaction of business can be taken for granted. (b) It helps attuning the civil servant to the task he is called upon to perform in a changing world. It in other words helps him to adjust his outlook and methods to the changing needs of new times. (c) It saves the civil servant from becoming a robot like mechanically perfect civil servant. He is made aware of his work and the service that he is required to render to his community. d) It not only enables an individual to perform his current work more efficiently but also fits him for other duties. It develops in him capacity for higher work and greater responsibilities. (e) It pays substantial regard to staff moral as latter have to perform tasks of a routine character throughout their lives. Bhagwan and Bhushan have also identified the following objectives of training: 5 (a) For the performance certain peculiar activities per taining to the government training plays a significant part. 58International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010) (b) Training helps the employees to become people oriented and inculcates in them respect and regard for general public. (c) It broadens the vision and widens the outlook of the employees by explaining to them to make substantial contribution towards realization. (d) It is vital to a career service. It lists them for advancement which is assured to the employees when they join the government service at young age. (e) It improves the lone and adds to the quality of organization.Since it enhances the efficiency of the employees and develops their capacities. The efficiency and prestige of the department goes up. (f) It fosters homogeneity of out look and esprit de crops in the employees. Identification of Training Needs Training is a specialized function. Hence trainer must know exactly what is required from the training programme in accordanc e to the identified tools framework techniques processes are identified in designing and implementing efficient effective timely and productive training programmes for those who require it.Training needs also determine the nature of training program. Formulation of training program includes those factors that are related to the evaluation of the program in terms of techniques and skills can be properly considered. Any training program must take into consideration three fundamental behavioral aspects:Organization, people, and environment as far as organization are concerned their survival rests on a certain minimum achievement of goals and objectives which are pre defined to customers owners. Employees. etc. ll these factors are continuously interacting with the organization whose objectives and goals have been formulated so to benefit the members of the organization intermittently The second assumption that needs to taken into consideration is the fact that these objectives can be a chieved only through harnessing the abilities of its people. Releasing potential and maximizing opportunities for development. In others words. The achievement of objectives and goals can be effectively and effectively achieved only if people within the organization possess adequate skills and abilities.If they do not possess the skills and abilities required. the objectives and goals cannot be achieved effectively and effectively achieved only if they do not possess the skills and abilities. if they do not possess the skills and abilities required. The objectives and goals cannot be achieved effectively and efficiently. Hence proper assessment of the abilities and skills of the employees must be considered before any training programme is be formulated . The third assumption is to assess the capability potential of the employees. The people who are engaged in the accomplishment of goals and objectives.In the new perspective, are capable of new learning. If the employees do not poss ess the required potential to adapt themselves to the new environment. The chances of training programs being a success will be doubtful. The fourth assumption about people is concernd with the level of ability and the desire to learn. Training is all about learning. learning organization basically involves people who make or break organization. the organization should be able to provide adequate opportunities and resources where people are able to learn through training new concepts. nd techniques of management. the assumption is also concerned with matching of achieving organizational goals on one hand and on the other providing attractive learning opportunities. the third assumption basically requires that the programmers of training should be so designed so as to provide learning opportunities that are effective and efficient. the objective of training is fulfill the individual needs of the employees and that of the organization as well . The fifth assumption is concerned with t he environment variable. In a dynamic situation.Environment continues to put new pressures and demands upon the system even if it is for survival only. Because of liberalization, competition has become severe and public sector as well private sector has to compete with each other in order to stay a viable entity. Hence changes in the environment can International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010) 59 no more be overlooked but need to understood and adapted to. The need for training, therefore, becomes inevitable. Once it is established that need for training is a necessity. The question arises what type of training is required to meet the three challenges.Another important question that comes to mind is whether the training programmed is able to change the pattern of behavior for which it was trained and how effectiveness is will be measured. Before discussing venous types of techniques of evaluation. A close look at various types of training methods will be locked into. With regard to people working in the organization needs and aspiration of the people must be properly evaluated. Specification of training needs means translating the needs of people into specific needs and achieving those aspirations by training programmers.Basic idea behind this evaluation is to make organization learning organization. According to Senge. Where people continually expand their capacity to create results they truly desire. Where new and expansive paupers are nurtured. Where collective aspiration is set free. And where people are continually learning how to learn together. 6 Factors Influencing Training Needs Organizations are complex and dynamic in nature and their effectiveness depends on number of factors. Complexity of organization is again a multifaceted implication of various factors being determined by various environmental factors.Hence the nature of complexity of a given organization needs to be evaluated before determining its training needs. Some of the factors that increase complexity are being discussed keeping in view that all are not determinants of complexity for all organization. Technology in the computer age is being upgraded frequently and hence is the most important factors in increasing the complexity of an organization .. structurally as well as behaviorally. According of Frances and Bee. Technology is changing an ever increasing rate. Today’s state –of-the-art computer is tomorrows junk. Robot assembly pants.Laser printers. â€Å"Transplant and genetic surgery— wherever the workplace— whatever the task. There appears to be a technological solution for everything†. 7 The technological changes are influencing the basic settings of organization. The technological changes are not only concerned with the structure or gadgets of an organization but these changes also influence the behavioral aspect of the very people who are working in the organization. However people do not usually change in technology and its environment. Change can be brought about in a smooth manner only through training techniques.Another important factor that needs to be taken into consideration is concerned with social changes that are taking place in the new social environment. For most organization internal compilations are bound to change in the computer age. People from different backgrounds, women. People from diverse nations will from the workforce of modern organizations. With increasing diversity in the culture. The organizations are bound to receive culture shock. Organization with their exiting format will not be in position to absorb this culture shock.The change agent will be playing an important role in providing appropriate training to absorb culture shock. The third factor that has influenced training needs is related the new role that the government are being asked to play. The governments are being asked to play sensitive role of controlling the business ethi cal activities on one hand and safeguarding the interests of consumer on the other. In the era of privatization and globalization. The governments are formulating legislation to facilitate business activity both public and private as well as safeguarding the consumer interest.Thus managers and CEOs need to be acquainted to the new legislation that are being enacted from time to time. The fourth factor that has influenced the training needs is the emerging competitive market Conditions. It may be asserted that the public and private sector, even in monopolistic conditions. Have to face competition. The pertinent question is whether the new market situation will force the 60 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010) organization to go in for training as they are going to face new marketing situations in the times to come.Will the new emerging conditions give rise to pressure groups that have henceforth not been seen in the business world. Basical ly organizations are going to face situations that are the result of competitive markets and development of consumerism. Many of the managers in the public and private sector could not possibly have been oriented towards these new situations. Hence need f training is unavoidable. The fifth factor influencing the training needs related to internal management of an organization. Internally organizations are going to face new dilemmas and problems.Business needs are fulfilled by the human resources that exist within the framework of internal structure. Any strategic plan which does not take this fact into account is bound to face numerous problems. There will be a continuous pressure on the organization to improve performance. Human resources, like managers, workers, staff, and others, have to be kept up to date in expertise and at the same times need to be motivated to perform better. This is a difficult task which cannot be handled by the staff of the organization. Experts called cha nge agents are required to fulfill the task.Training needs cannot be overlooked because it is an on going process. In addition. Training is now considered a specialized function to be performed by the experts. Techniques of Training The object of this paper is not to discuss various techniques of training. Hence training techniques are being short listed for the purpose of their identification for evaluation purpose. However we would like to throw light on some of modern techniques of training. Some of the training techniques that are often used for reeducation purpose are: 1. On –the-job- training. 2. Demonstration. 3. Job instruction training. 4. Vestibule training. 5.Apprenticeship. 6. Coaching –Understudy. 7. Job rotation. 8. Lectures and conferences. 9. Syndicate. 10. Simulation training. 11. Role playing. 12. In-basket exercise. 13. Management game. 14. Sensitivity training. 15. Transactional analysis. 16. Organization development. A detailed discussion of these techniques can be referred to many text books. 8 Here we would like to discuss some of the training techniques that are considered by the experts as essential for improving the performance of organization in competitive situations. Diversity training is becoming extremely important for the organizations that are complex in nature.The work force of these enterprises is divers in nature. Various diverse group from different cultural and social background join one institution and thus submerging various cultural into one. The diverse work force has to be trained so as to provide some from of commonality. Various methods are adopted to provide diversity training. According to Fred Luthans one method of divers training involves putting trainees into groups based on ethnic origin. Then each group is asked to describe the others and listen to the way its own group is described. 9 Another methods of diversity training has been stated in the following manner.International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010) 61 Another widely used approach is diversity board games. Which require the participants to answer questions related to areas such as gender. Race cultural differences. Age issues. Sexual orientation. And disabilities. On the basis of the response, the games players are able to advance on the board or are forced to back up. 10 The objectives of theses types of games are to acquaint the players in a non threatening manner with legal rules and restrictions regarding how to manage members of the diverse groups.The third method of divers training concerned with participant focus on cultural issues such how to interact with personal from other countries. It may be added that many of the training programmers related to diver’s work force also use other training programmes. 11 Methods of Evaluation of Training Programmes It is extremely important to assess the result of any training programme. The participant must be made aware of the goals and objectives of the training program and on completion of the training program, they should be asked about the impact of the concerned training programme.Evaluation of any program is a difficult task and more so of a training program. The first step toward evaluation of a training program is to define the goals and objectives of the training program. These goals and objectives should be stated in such format so that they can be measured statistically. Also both the trainer and the trainees most be well acquainted with there role in the training programme. In the evaluation of any training program. The first requirement is to collect valid and reliable data. The required data can be collected by using the fowling techniques. 2 1. Self assessments answer sheets. 2. Question confronted by the trainees. 3. Assessing the collected information and observation. 4. Final result based on earlier information plus the new data Each method of data collection has its advantages and disad vantages. Which need to taken into consideration. The merits and demerits of each method are as follows. Merits of Self Assessment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The cost factor is quite low. Data can easily collected. Time consumption of the trainer and trainee is negligible. Outside interference is completely avoided.Effective relationships develop between the trainee. Well designed answer sheet can produce healthy results . Demerits of Self Assessment 1. Self assessment is basically self evaluation which can be based of biased responses. The assessment must have enough reliability so as to draw right conclusion in regard to individual assessment. 2. The responses given by the trainees can be based on misrepresentation or misinterpretation of the questions asked. Thus self assessment questions should be small and easy to understand . in addition . no information should be sleeked which will embarrass the trainees. . The information provided by the trainees cannot be evaluated in terms of their correctness. All the trainees do not prefer to give the required information lest it may be used against at any point of time. All these problems can be easily solved. Self assessment is basically adhered to by all the training programs. However what is important to consider is to make proper effective use of this 62 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010) technique as the trainees provide valuable information which the trainer can use to formulate training strategy.The second requirement for evaluating a training programme is concerned with the evaluation of the training programme when part of the training programme has been completed. The time factor must be decided before the programme is initiated and the evaluation criteria must be determined before the training programme begins. The first evaluation will give adequate information to the trainers whither the programme moving toward write direction. At the same time trainees will be able to assess the value of the program in terms of its needs and usefulness.It is extremely important to realize whether the trainees have understood the need and importance of the training programme. As this stage adequate data should be collected from the trainees to make proper evaluation of the training programme. The collect data, interview and questionnaire methods can be most effective. Interviews can be conducted by seeking information face to face, by means of telephone, or by other strategies like group discussions etc. Each of these methods has its own merits and demerits. Merits of Interviews 1. Face to face interviews ensures some response. If any responses need to be clarified.The trainer can do so instantly. Similarly if the trainees want any clarification, the same can do immediately. This helps in ensuring correct information. 2. As far telephone interviews are concerned though there is lack of personnel touch. The trainee does not feel the pressure of the interviewer to give answers that suit the trainer. The trainer can answer all those question that are complex in nature. These answers have far more validity as the responses are without any pressure. Demerits of Interviews 1. The interview is a lengthy and costly process as it requires trained and skilled personal to get results that are reliable. . Another important drawback is the possibility of the trainer being involved in the interview. 3. Data collected through interview methods may be out of date and hence difficult to interpret. Merits and Demerits of Questionnaire Questionnaires in one form or another do appear in all kinds of research and surveys. Hence it is extremely vital that the questionnaire is framed with utmost care so that it measures the variable in exactly the way it has been designed for. Once the initial design has been properly framed, a pre _ test must be conducted to find out whether the questions mean the same thing to the trainer and the trainee.If found inappropria te, the questionnaire should be redesigned and a pilot survey should be conducted. If found appropriate. Full survey should be conducted and if found inappropriate the questionnaire should be redesigned again. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire should be properly evaluated before going in for full survey. In regard to collection of data. It may be observed,â€Å"As with any method of data collection it is vital to plan how the data is to be collected. However with this method, since it does not usually involve the design of some sort of formal survey instrument such as questionnaire.It is all to easy to leap straight in without a plan. This can lead to a considerable waste of time and without a plan. This can lead to a considerable waste of time and even worse the wrong data being collected-so the message is plan and design your desk research in the same way as you would any more formal survey. † 13 Thus whatever technique or method we adopt, the validity and r eliability of data must be determined. As a matter of fact the trainer must look at three factors to determine the reliability and validity of the collected data. According to Frances and bee, three key aspects must be considered in any evaluation study.These key aspects are as follows. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010) 63 The first factor is concerned with the internal stability of an evaluation study. It is concerned with how well the study measures what we want or are aiming to find out. This usually involves the adequacy and appropriateness of the measuring tool. The instrument, used. What needs to be considered is that whatever instruments we use for the purpose of collecting data, we must make sure that the terminology being used actually measures the variable that we intend to measure.Whether the instrument be interview or questionnaire, the terms must elicit the kind of information that is required. The second factor is concerne d with the external validity. It is concerned with the extent that the findings can be applied bevond the group involved in the study. The conclusions drawn on the basis of collocated should not be applicable only to the group that was the basis of collection of data. On the contrary, the collected data should have the reliability and validity to the extent that its conclusions are applicable to other similar situations. 4 The third factor that needs to be considered is concerned with reliability. The reliability of an evaluation study is the extent to which the results can be replicated, i. e. if the study was repeated the results would be the same. The obvious approach to dealing with this issue is to repeat tests and observations. Also techniques, such as including the same question but in different forms, using multiple observes, etc. can be helpful. 15 The fourth factor that needs to be taken to evaluate training programme is to conduct and determine reaction level of the train ees in respect of the training programme.The reaction criteria is to be determined in terms of open discussion between the trainers, the trainees, and the management. This will give ample opportunity to the management to ascertain whether or not the training programme is achieving the objectives for which it was organized. This evaluation should be conducted half way of the training period. The reaction criteria tends to inform the trainers whether the training programme is achieving the goals as perceived by the trainers. In other words the trainers come to know the level of happiness and satisfaction of the trainees in regard to the training programme.To ascertain and collect this kind of information, the trainees may be asked to fill a self-complete questionnaire in which the trainees have to choose between a range of alternatives and answer some of the open ended questions. The self-fulfilled questionnaire seeks information in regard to entry briefing; whether the objectives of the training programme were achievable and how far have they been useful; whether the trainers performance has been satisfactory; and the training methods utility; the mid term evaluation clears the way of the trainers to reframe the training methodology and cater according to the needs of the trainees.Two fundamental problem need to be assessed in this evaluation process. The first problem is whether information seeked should or should not be collected in the name of trainee. The evaluation as far as possible be anonymous could give, probably, more accurate information than the information collected in the name of the participant. The second related issue is concerned with the venue where the information questionnaire is filled up by the trainee. It is indeed desirable that the trainee provide information away from the course environment.This mid evaluation can be very helpful in providing a lot of information that is reliable and valid. As a matter of fact mid term evaluation can be very helpful and the cost of collecting such information is not only very low but it also helps the trainees to reframe their training programs accordingly the approach of mid term evaluation allows the trainer to make comparisons between different training programs that were conducted in other organization or that were conducted by the trainer himself.However reaction criteria of mid term evaluation does generate an enormous amount of data analysis. How much of this data is used by the trainer for readjusting the structure of the training program depends on the management, trainer, and the participants. The final step in respect of evaluation of training programmes is to assess whether the basic objectives of the training programme have been achieved or not. In this step cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit techniques need to be utilized to measure the performance.This assessment will demonstrate whether the expected learning that was determined before the training programme was conduced has taken place after the conclusion of the training programme or not. 64 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010) Some of the scholars suggest that before going in for final evaluation, if feasible, one or two, in between, evaluation, can also be conducted. However too many evaluation questionnaires can disrupt the training program and can create doubts in the minds of trainees towards the effectiveness of the program in the minds of the trainees can be created.Evaluation of the training programme should be undertaken only for the purpose of feedback and restructuring of the programmes to fulfill the goals and objectives of the training program. me. The basic purpose of any training programme is to improve organizational performance i. e. to assess whether the training program has been able to achieve change that it desired from the training program. The final evaluation program must take into factors that might have affected the fin al outcome, for example, competitor initiatives, general economic conditions. Etc. erformance of an organization must be evaluative in terms of the whole unit and not parts of it. Hence any evaluation of the training programme may not result in perfect achievement of the goals. We should identify the key factors and indicators that can influence the final results of the training programme. The assessment of these factors will help in the analysis of the needs of the concerned organization. In this respect a comparative study should be made in regard to the information collected before the training programme was initiated and after the training program where changes need to be visualized and thereupon assessed.If possible a comparative study can also be made of the similar training programme conducted in other organization and analyzes the differences in the final results. At the time of collecting the final data, proper monitoring should be assured. All the required data should be c ollected to make elaborate analysis. 16 In the final analysis it can be stated that the final evaluation is the most important aspect of the training programme aspect of the training programme in order to find and determine the effectiveness of the training programme.This assessment gives a clear picture of the impact of the training program. As indicated earlier, a clear cut indicators of organizational performance determined before the start of the program will make measurement of desired change in terms of evaluation much easier to measure. Conclusion The Evaluation of any training programme has certain aims to fulfill. These are concerned with the determination of change in the organizational behavior and the change needed in the organizational structure.Hence evaluation of any training program must inform us whether the training programme has been able to deliver the goals and objectives in terms of cost incurred and benefits achieved . The analysis of the information is the co ncluding part of any evaluation programme. The analysis of data should be summarized and then compared with the data of other training programmes similar nature. On the basis of these comparisons, problems and strength should be identified which would help the trainer in his future training programmes. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010)