Location Analysis of Manufacturing Industries

posture Analysis of Manu detailuring IndustriesLOCATOINAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACCESSIBILITY AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES A CASE STUDY OF ASABAAtubi, A. O.ABSTRACTAccessibility is a compute though not the determinant in defining a process of spatial organization of man c functional establishment. A case aim relating path ne bothrk with the pattern of manufacturing industries for selected aras in Asaba, 2003 reveals a weak relationship between on hand(predicate)ness and manufacturing industries. Graph theory approach was physical exercised to derive two types of availableness measures. The first from connectivity matrix approachability and the second from using valued graph. Simple coefficient of correlation coefficients revealed weak correlation of 0.09 between availableness and industries. Again a weak correlation coefficient of -0.05 was found between world potential and umber of industries. This weak relationship however, cleansed when multiple linear correlation analysis was employ and a fairly high result of 0.40 was achieved. Although high correlation values were got in the multiple linear correlation analysis, the weak values from simple correlation analysis indicates that aside from being a good surrogate of transport efficiency, accessibility is also a poor measure of the relative advantage of a given place in attracting to itself the centralization and specialization of human activities in Asaba, Delta State. Based on the findings, recommendations were proffered as this impart bring about changes in the urban pattern leading to increase in the number of industries in a process of spatial re-organization.KeywordsLocational Analysis Accessibility Distribution Manufacturing Industries.INTRODUCTIONAccessibility is an grievous geographical concept associated with relative localisation of function. Accessibility is not simply withdrawnness but involves time cost and trial used in travelling. Accessibil ity has been define as the relative degree of ease with which a view is reached from other locations of angiotensin converting enzymes home relative to other features of the wider physical environment is very important. The organization of every(prenominal) region is reflected in the transportation network (Atubi and Onokala, 2004a Atubi and Onokala, 2004b). This there is a clear relationship between transportation and economic activities. Such economic activities bid the location of industries have been the concern of scholars in recent times. It has even been more crucial in developing countries such as Nigeria where much is expected from these industries to augment the utter output from agriculture. This concern is justified because the crucial choice of a suitable location may spell the differences between successes and failure (H everyplace, 1948). In recognition of this fact the process of localization of industries gener eachy reflect a tendency to optimize place utilit y and maximize profit. However, real life experience has shown that this is not ever so the case. The interesting thing about industrial statistical distribution is that industries tend to be concentrated in few urban centers. The concentration may be explained in terms of their possessing much of the commercialise, raw materials, the best transport links and considerable labour force Nwafor, 1982, Atubi and Ugbomch, 2002). Usually, industrializations have well connected channel network. In Nigeria for instance, over 95% of industrial establishments are found in urban centers which are also related to the countries rail and road system (Onyemelukwe, 1978). It has been observed that the distribution of manufacturing industries in all urban centers in Nigeria is uneven, despite the Federal Government policy of industrialization promotion of nation wide industrial education through industrial dispersal (Industrial Policy of Nigeria, 1988). The relationship between transportation a nd regional development has engaged the attention of geographers over the years. The area at has attracted considerable attention is the use of graph theory. Graph theoretic measures have been used to determine the structural and geometrical properties of high itinerary, rail and air networks. Also the relationship between network geometry and regional characteristics have been explored (Kansky, 1963, Kanaa, 1965) and a number of works have focused upon the problem of deriving effective measures of connectivity for urban nodes on the system (Garrison and Marble, 1964 Monanu and Hodgson, 1976 Atubi and Onokala, 2004a and b). On the other hand, Bardi, applying indices of accessibility in urban eers of former Bendel State of Nigeria finds that macrocosm concentration is not necessarily related to accessibility (Bardi, 1982). Contrary to this view, Gautheir accepted that a changing pattern of accessibility means change in incidence of growth of a center (Guatheir, 1970). Also Atubi an d Onokala (2004a), in tracing the changing accessibility patterns of cnter in Lagos Island from 1976-1997 noted that a center gets more accessibility as the road network gets more connected. Locational theorists of classic time, in isolating the influence of transportation location choice, neither though of cost as not connected with money nor used graph theoretic approach in their study. In Nigeria, vast sum up of researches have also been carried out on industrial location by various scholars. Vagale historically related traffic flow and transportation to industrialization in Nigeria (Vagale, 1971). Also, Onyemelukwe in his study of structural and locational characteristics of manufacturing industries in Nigeria analyzed the impact of transport on urbanization and industrialization (Onyemelukwe, 1978). Taffee et al, (1963) clearly implied the effect of transportation on industrial development using Ghana and Nigeria for illustration in their idealized process of transport develop ment, they noted that transport development at a stage entrust lead to increased specialization and an expansion of market area of urban centers. Onokerhoraye (1981) also, examined the wideness of transportation network in improving the accessibility of people live in various parts of Nigeria to essential public facilities/services like education, health services etc. He argued that since a lare proportion of the population of Nigeria are in rural areas (70%) thereby making it impossible for the attainment of the thresh grizzly required to support certain public facilities. There is therefore the need to improve the transportation network between where they are located with improved transport facilities, the accessibility of most people living in the rural areas of the country to the available public services allow be increased darn the proportion of those deprived of the use of such facilities will be considerably reduced. However, Olagbaiye using population potential model ana lyzed manufacturing location in southern Nigeria, he observed Asaba Onitsha which were the highest peaks of population potential support one of tenants of location theory that a central location theory that a central location in a region maximizes accessibility to the market in that region (Olagbaiye, 1968). In delimiting the nodes to be considered, he used one or more of the following considerations political or administrative status, centrality of location, population size and commercial importance.STUDY AREAAsaba is a town situated in the Guinea savannah belt of Nigeria and is located on spaciousitude 6o45E and latitude 6o3N. It is situated along the bank of River Niger, and is the Headquarters of Oshimili South local anesthetic Government area (see fig. 1) of Delta State. Asaba is passed through by the federal highway, which, at the Niger is linked by a bridge with Onitsha in Anambra State. The town, Asaba which is the seat of government, has been in existence long before it w as made the Headquarter of Delta State. it is a commercialized and industrialized town, and it shares common boundary with Okpanam and Ugobu in the noth, Oko and Ibusa in the west, while the Niger washes the eastern and south eastern fringes of the town. The population of Asaba has promptly increased since the creation of Delta State when it was made the headquarters and since then the rate of industrialization and urbanization is fast increasing. According to the federal office of statistics, the present population is estimated to be about 81,768 people.MATERIALS AND METHOD OF ANALYSISThe accessibility indices from centers considered was derived from two methods. The first involved matrix multiplication of the connectivity matrix. The second involved the matrix multiplication of the distance matrix. Gamma and alpha indices was also used. The formula are written in the following form.Where e is Number is edgesv is number of verticesThe relationship between accessibility indices of manufacturing industries and the number of good roads and value of market potential is established by the Spearmans rank correlation co-efficient. This is issued to test if the variation in one in myrmecophilous variable affects the variation in the second dependent variable. Also the multiple correlation is used to determine the degree of the relationship between all the variables. This is expressed byWhere R = Multiple correlation1.23 = Correlation between variables 1, 2 and 3r= variable correlationr12= Correlation between I and 2r13= 1 and3r23 = 2and3DISCUSSION OF RESULTS/FINDINGSFor convenience the accessibility indices gotten from the connectivity matrix (Accessibility Matrix T) will be called Accessibility I while the shortest distance matrix will be called accessibility 2. (See Appendix I and 2). The relationship between accessibility and the number of manufacturing industries in the study area is positive because as the values of accessibility increases, the number of manuf acturing industries increases. Also low correlation figure of 0.40 shows that this relationship is fairly weak. On the contrary, a high correlation of 0.70 was obtained at 95% confidence direct between accessibility and wholesale activity in the United States (Janelle, 1969). The lower correlations gotten in the present work is a clear indication of the influence of view planning and government intervention regardless of the effect of transport and other economic forces, in the location of manufacturing industries. Nigeria, in her development planning effort is encompass industrialization as the main panacea for her development. Such hopes are based on the growth centre strategy, where certain centers get more attraction i.e. Nnebisi road with eight industries as observed in Appendix 3, while areas that arc not centrally located are ignored i.e. Isieke and Old Nit road. Also, since these areas are among old regional centers, the reasons for the absence of manufacturing industries might be due to the strong tendency towards agglomeration of the manufacturing industries of the old regional centers (Mabogunje, 1969). The possibility that industries would survive in small and young areas like old Nit road is low and industrialists hesitate sitting industries in such areas. The result is that existing industrial areas like Nnebisi road and Benin-Asaba express way pull up stakes a greater attraction to new industries as against a brand new location. A large part of this attraction is related to certain savings due to agglomeration. Thus a center with an early start in some industry has therefore a competitive advantage that it may handle an increase even though the early start was due to poor chance (Hover, 1948).The fairly strong correlation figure of 0.40 goes a long way to show that there are other factors that tend to down play the influence of transportation location decisions i.e. political consideration. The figure can also he interpreted as an increase in the accessibility of any mode accounts for an average increase in the number of industries in Asaba. In other words, the distribution pattern of industries in Asaba is explained by an average measure, of the relative position of that center to the network system. The size of the population and therefore market within an area is nigh related to the threshold level at which production might be expected. Thus the minimum size of the market is often a precondition for the development of an industry in a region. The relationship between distribution of manufacturing industries and population potential (market potential) in Asaba is extremely weak. The percentage variation is 99% and goes to show that 1% of manufacturing industies in Asaba can be explained by other factors. It seems reasonable to assume that manufacturing industries would fare best if they were located at those places which are most accessible to their customers. If this is to be so then places offering high degree of locational utility relative to other places should be dominant wholesale centers (Jarielle, 1969). The correlation coefficient of accessibility 1 and market potentials is 0.09. This means that an increase in accessibility leads to a very small increase in the market potential. On the contrary, similar work done in the United States have obtained a high correlation figure of 0.81 (Janeile, 1969). This high correlation in contrast to 0.09 in Asaba is understandable. This is because, Janelle used both locational utility which involve both accessibility and other locational factors that a site may enjoy. Also this study was done at a point in time i.e. 2003, while Janelles study was for a period of time. But the findings lend cautious support to the notion that, at least for manufacturing activity, increase in accessibility is a useful surrogate for estimating specialization possible at a place. However, a multiple correlation coefficient was calculated with accessibility and populati on as the two independent variables and number of industries as dependent on the two variables (R1 .23) .A fairly high positive correlation of 0.40 was obtained. This means that an increase in the two dependent variables leads to an increase in the market potential.POLICY IMPLICATIONFor practical relevance, the state government at Asaba should direct their efforts towards the construction of good roads as this will bring about changes in the urban pattern, leading to increase in the number of industries in a process of spatial re-organization. Also, the government should direct their effort towards the optimum location of industries as well as promote and encourage industrial dispersal among various centers in Asaba.CONCLUSIONAlthough, accessibility is related to the distribution of manufacturing industries in an urban center, it is not totally explained by the availability or lack of transport facilities (roads). in other words, transport plays a very measly role in the distributi on pattern of industries. Also, the weak relationship between accessibility and distribution of industries is due to the fact that some centers have locational advantages that far out-weight the importance of accessibility. Finally, the locational pattern of pre-Asaba has not changed significantly in sympathy with the accessibility trend, thus the importance of centers offering the greatest potential for transport oriented industries has not been amply recognised in Asaba.REFERENCESAtubi. A.O. and Onokala. P.C. (2004a) The Accessibility of Centres to the Road Networks the Case of Lagos Island, Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Dynamics. Vol. 2, Pp. 140-151Atubi. AC. and Onokala, P.C. (2004b) The Road Network Characteristics on Traffic Flow on the South Western Nigeria A Case of Lagos Mainland. Pecop Journal of Environmental Design and Management in the Tropics. Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp. 39-51.Atubi, A.O. and Ughomeh. B., A. (2002) Small-scale Industries in Warn A geographical Appraisal of Types and Factors Governing Location. Journal of the Zaria Geographer. Vol. 15, No. 1 pp. 68-79.Bardi, E.C. (1982) Development of Road Network accessibility of urban centres within Bendel State of Nigeria 1967-1981 A Graph theory Approach. Unpublished B.Sc thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.Garrison. W.L. and Marble. D.F. (1964), Factor-Analytic study of the connectivity of the Transport Network Papers of the Regional Science Association. 12, pp. 23 1-9.Gautheir, H.L. (1970) Geography of Transportation and Regional Development. Economic Geographer Vol. 46Hover, E.M. (1948) The Location of Economic Activity, New York, McGraw Hill.Janelle, D.G. (1969) Spatial reorganization A Model and Concepts. Annals of Association of American Geographers, Vol. 59, pp., 348-364.Mabogunje, A.L. (1969) Urbanization in Nigeria. London.Monanu, P.C. and Hodgson, M.J. (1976) Problems in the Application of Graph abstractive Measures to Transport Network Growth A case study of Alberta Highways. New themes in Western Canadian Geography. The Langara papers. Bc Geographic series. No. 22 passing(a) papers in Geography.Nwafor, J.C. (1984) Manufacturing and Consumer Goods. In Nigeria jn mans, Barbour K.M. et al (eds) London, fodder and Stoughton.Olagbaiye, J.A. (1968) Towards Manufacturing Locational Analysis in Southern Nigeria A Population Potential Model. Nigerian Geographical Journal, Vol. II, No. 1 Pp. 11-19.Onokerhjoraye, A.C. (1981) The transportation system and the distribution of public services in Nigeria Transportation in Nigerian National Development, (eds) S.C. Onakomaiya, and N.F. Ekanem,N.1.S.E,R., lbadan, Pp. 196-214.Onyemelukwe, J.O.C. (1978). Structural and Locational characteristics of manufacturing in Oguntoyinbo, J.S. et al (eds) A Geography of Nigerian Development. Heinemann Pubs. Ibadan Pp. 296-310.Taffeec, Moril and Gould (1963). Transport expansion in underdeveloped countries A comperative analysis. Traffic and Transportation in 1ndustrilizatio of Nigeria paper presented at a conclave of the Nigerian Institute of town planners, Lagos.FIG. 1 MAP OF DELTA STATE SHOWING STUDY AREASource Ministry of Land and Survey, Asaba (2002)APPENDIX I3 (Destination)S/NOrigin1234567891011121314151617181920f1Benin Asaba0292642312931352035214035444045435047687212Igbusa road2901934242124285621126151116142118384893Illah road2619020511511616131915192322273433513734Okpanam/Asaba road4234200182024242035393443354827445150686765Ibrahim Kefas crescent31245140710141125332337244226455148685486Anwai road292111187017201831383042314733505653636157West end312452010170121115191323142816313734544148Nnebisi road35289241420120121118922102712303633534159Old Nit road20562011181112017711816101925224229110Isicke346163525311511108712817102026434334811Onaje street31213393338191878094119131218153533412Ogbe Ilo Street40121934233013977901011531824214133613St. Bridges road356154337422322111241009512814113135014Onije kings street4415193524311410881119 01441724214135015Ezenei avenue40112348424728271617915510141092737816Cable point4516223736331612101013312410718103032017College of education431427444550313019201218818470632342218Osadennis way502134515156373625261824142410136061751919Osadennis high schl. Road471833504853343322331521112117103602347820Onitsha Asaba road683851686863545342433541314127302317230816

Leadership And Workplace Trust Management Essay

Leadership And Workplace Trust Management EssayThe word leading in international brass is related for the person who perform federal agency of attracter in organisation. Leader is the advisor and members be the surveiler of team up. Leadership is all about how leader support, encourage, motivate, listen to people, involving members in last making, and how to solve the problem in team. Team leader is the highly skilled and knowledgeable person (Gretton, I.1995).Team member are regarded as asset of organisation. Members unneurotic form one team and perform task according to the decision of team leader. Belbin team role theory states that how person or individual behaves in team atmosphere. This theory is propounded as the tool for knowing behaviour and the changes which took place. It gives us feedback from all the angels so we can say it gives 360 degree feedback. The team needs to leaven high performance for achieving the goal and for that proper planning is needed (Belb in 2000 xv).Belbin has established nine team role (Belbin, 1993).The team role are (plant, resources investigator, co-ordinator, shaper, monitor evaluator, team worker, implementer, completer, and specialist).So by Belbin theory we can say that team plays important role, without team members effort team would never be able to achieve set goal.The socialisation has high define on organisation environments. In organisation all the individuals work together and this collectiveness creates differences among the members working in organisation from each another (Hofsted 1991262).At the leadership trust we performed various task. In the second task due to cultural difference problem was faced by group. So if the individuals from different culture are working together whence this may affect performance of group and also due to differences in level of thinking. in that respect is one advantage of cross-culture in organisation. The individuals working in team are from different corners o f world and all have different ideas and skills. So the combination of this different ideas and skills would lead to higher execution of organisation. If the culture is strong then the effect on organisation would be amazing (Deal and Kennedy, 198215).According to Hofsted in societies if member who has high power accept that power go out be distributed among them, then the society will get authority to management styles with high scores of power distance(Hofsted,1991). If Inequalities in power are high then this would lead to larger inequalities in the other areas also for example, in the study of different set of industrial organisation of five countries that if there are swell differences in the power then it would automatically show differences in (rewards, privileges and opportunities between bosses and employees)(Tannenbaum et al, 1974).In the organisation success of team depend on their communication power. There should be smooth flow of information among members, and discu ssion and argument be done efficiently in order to take quick decision. There are certain decentralised ways of communication like (formal meeting, regular and ad hoc meeting, e-mail) where the team member feel comfortable and can work easily. In the organisation there are two methods for communication. One is formal and another is casual communication. Formal way include individual meeting and conference while informal includes e-mail, ad hoc meeting, and chatting. If the level of communication is maintained by rights then team may work more efficiently. Sometimes informal communication works properly more then formal communication (Marh, F.K., 2010).There are several theories of leadership which we learned at leadership trust. Among them one of theory is situational theory which states that leader should need ability to accurately cope up with the situation and to behave with the changing situation. The power of group depends on leader decision because the members just follow th em.The follower should have readiness to understand the instruction given by leader. So ample of self confidence and technical skills are needed for application task efficiently (Heresy and Blanchard, 1988174).At leadership thrust in the third task we need to pass cane on other side without touching risk of exposure lines at that time leader was not able to take quick decision and cope up with the situation and so members of team failed to pass all canes. So situation theory is related to this kind of situation.Another theory of leadership is path goal theory. This theory states that motivation factor plays important role in organisation. The members of team work for the common goal, some times it happened that their efficiency in work would get reduced. So if leader motivate their members, work efficiency would increase and improvement in performance can be seen (House and Mitchell, 1974). The next theory of leadership is transformational leadership which states that leader can ch ange the direction from belabor to good result, and can change the set goal of member. When the new goal are set they should be set on the high level so that total interest of members get towards it (burn 1978).According to Bass, the leaders in transformational theory give attention to long terminal figure objective more then short term objective(Duskinsky,A.J. and Yammarino,F.J.1985, 1990). At the leadership thrust I faced good experience of being part of organization. In the last task we had experience of working in one organization and different department, before sack on field teams were given time with strategy formation, strategy formation is important before going on field and performing task. At this time transformational theory is applied and suite best.From the above discussion we can conclude that, there is high influence of cross culture and also communication gap among members of team. The leadership styles and theories should be so used in team that performance of t eam improves and it become blue-blooded for leader to manage team and for members to follow the leader decision.

Chinas Free Market System

chinaw atomic number 18s pardon Market SystemIntroductionA empty-market corpse is an frugal system in which the production and distribution of goods and services takes place through the mechanism of free markets guided by a free harm system rather than by the state in a intend economy. In a free market economy, demand and supply atomic number 18 key determinants of price, and price is always an important contributor to any profit-driven organization. Hence, a successful industry analysis will have to identify the underlying factors driving demand and supply.Since the Chinese economy underwent transition to a free-market economy in the late mid-seventies, it has live one of the largest economies in the manhood. mainland china Petroleum Chemical, mainland China Mobile, and Aluminum Corporation of China atomic number 18 just a few of the top 100 Chinese companies that populate the Chinese business landscape listed in global publications (Business Week, 2005).Critically de compose of the viewA nation can have a centrally planned economy where the government makes all the economicalal decisions or a free market economy where the government stays away from the economy and economical decisions are made by agreements between the makers and consumers. (http//en.wikipedia.org)For centuries, China was proud of its advanced agriculture. The unpolished enjoyed slow but stable development. Its richness arose jealousy and s political machinee among its neighbors, some were even quite far away. Though suffered many an(prenominal) wars and invasions, this world famous antiquated civilization nation had leaded the race of the competition of development in the world for more than a thousand years. However, the situation changed in the 18th century. When China still dedicated its development on an agriculture-based module, some European countries had shifted their development focuses from other sector elsewhere towards industry. Nations, which used the advantage s of their industrialization output, soon dominated the world and changed the tout ensemble earth as well as the concept of development dramatically. China turned to be an underdeveloped country. Its rural areas became one of the poorest places in the world. (Wang Dewen, 2005) When the fresh China was founded in 1949, Chinese countryside was more or less the identical as it was hundreds years ago, or even worse. Chinese government has attached uttermost(prenominal) importance towards rural development and has always made it a key task to tackle with. Facing various problems, Chinese authorities has introduced many policies in different periods of time to boost Chinese economic development. These policies are not always coherent as a well-designed integ numberd strategy some are even contrasted and conflicted with each other. only concerning the way of how production is organized, the economic development of the Peoples Republic of China can be generally analyzed that since from 1950 to late 1970s and the other segment refers to the time after late 1970s. In the former period of time, China conducted more collective production while in the last mentioned part Chinese implemented a market-oriented individualized approaching. Both methods achieved some extents of success but also leave problems unsolved (Sun, Qixiang, 2001).Free market economy, stressing that the Chinese Government will to interfere as little as possible of the business and economic development. This is different from a centrally planned system. Compared to the past, the economy of China is definite grown up by using the free market economy. But the basic of free market economy is let the rich become richer. This does not fundamentally solve the problem of inequality in China. The poor volume became poorer without the encourageion of their government.One more problem is that the free market ordination is set up so that production decisions are influenced entirely by consumer demand. (Fei , J., and Ranis, G., 1965) For example, if a person is in a car accident and needs aesculapian attention they will receive it regardless of class and employment and when they are healed they will be sent on their way without a dime bag taken out of their pocket for medical costs. This is not always best because consumers do not always demand the highest quality products in favor of cheaper ones. Consumer precaution should always be a priority for manufacturers however if the government, through refuge standards, does not enforce it there is no guarantee that it is top priority.The electricity people receive is always the same in quality so the government owns it as a monopoly. The consumer will buy a great deal of goods if they are very cheap and will not buy very practically if they are very expensive. The price of goods is determined by an agreement between the producer and consumer. All of these services are provided by private businesses. Services such as health care, educat ion, old age pensions, and day cares, maternity/paternity remunerative leave from work, unemployment insurance, disability insurance and many others are not provided by the government. For example if consumers in significant numbers would rather buy a cheaper car that does not have air bags than a car that does have air bags then the producers will produce cars without airbags. Government still needs to do something to protect customers safety.General to say, there will be no nations in the world today that have wholly either free markets or centrally planned economies. China still needs a mixed economy system.Explain the challenges facing Chinas economy todayIn the past few decades, Chinas economic grown rapidly. Although China is still a developing country, its economic strength and growth potential should not be overlooked in Asia and even around the whole world. (Fei, J., and Ranis, G., 1965)There still be many challenges facing Chinas economy todayUnderdeveloped small and medi um enterprises in central and western part of China, and the multi-ownership economic structure had not formed yet.State economic layout adjustment and the reform of state-owned enterprises have not yet completed in place.Massive surplus hollow of rural need to be transferred. The farmers of poverty have not yet fundamentally changed.Eastern and western economic development is very uneven.Micro-economic activities of enterprises administrative interjection still widespread.The idea to establish the primacy of law is not implemented.Aggregate investment in some industries and regions is somewhat excessive.Inflationary pressures are building up and much remains to be done in the areas of employment and social security.The Chinese central bank governor stressed that solutions to these problems will require China to establish even closer attention to proper macroeconomic management and to the proper handling of the relationship between reform, development and stability.To deal with t he accelerating rise of the commodity prices great power during the past six months, China employed a combination of pecuniary policy tools and strengthened preemptive adjustments and fine-tuning by controlling excessive growth of monetary credit. (Zhou Xiaochuan, 2004)In order to solve these problems, the first step in the correction of these imbalances needs to be a further appreciation of the RMB. Simply adjusting the exchange rate is not sufficient to correct the imbalances in the Chinese economy, because Chinas trade sector does not seem to be very sensitive to the relative price change. But it is a necessary first step.Secondly, domestic expenditure on public goods should be increased. An increase in expenditure will lead to an increase in imports, and a decrease in the amount of domestic products available for export, thus contributing to getting trade into closer balance. Compared with other countries and even developing countries with the same income level, Chinas expendit ures on education and public health are far below average. (Liu, Jianjin, 2003)The public expenditure program could include building a well-functioning social safety net for both urban and rural populations increasing investment in human capital by providing better health and education internal raptus and communication infrastructure to help achieve a more integrated domestic economy and a rural development program for the poorest regions.ConclusionChina needs to combine the free market economy with the macro-control of government. So that it can establish a mixed market economy system. There are many supporting institutions that are equally important for successful and sustained growth. Up until now, China has been muddling through all the unpredictable and complex situations it has faced with remarkable success. However, the frustrate the river by touching the stone approach adopted by the first generation reformists cannot guarantee that China can sustain its vigor. The issues that the second-generation reformists now confront are quite different from those faced by their predecessors.ReferenceBatisse, Cecile, and Sandra Poncet. 2003. Protectionism and Industry Localization in Chinese Provinces, mimeo.Fei, J., and Ranis, G., 1965. A Theory of Economic Development, American Economic Review, Vol. 51, No.4 76-106.Free market http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_marketIndustry Outlook 2005 BusinessWeek Online http//www.businessweek.com/magazine/toc/05_02/B39150502industry.htmLiu, Jianjin, 2003. Rural employment, 2002 China Employment Report, edited by Mo Rong, China Labor and Social Security Press, Beijing.Sun, Qixiang, 2001. empty account and transition cost the effects of Chinas pension system reform, Journal of Economic Research, No.5.Wang Dewen, Chinas Urban and Rural Old Age Security System Challenges and Options. October 2005.West, A. Loraine, 1997. award reform in China preparing for the future, Eurasia Bulletin, summer 1997, pages 9-19.

Counter Strike Essay -- Video Game

In 1997, a group of college kids gave birth to something that would become a world renowned phenomenon, Counter-Strike. Counter-Strike is an online, team up based, first person shooter. In this game, the two teams (terrorists and counter-terrorists) face off against one another using various team-specific weapons and attempt to gain success by finish team specific objectives. The counter-terrorists must rescue hostages, protect V.I.P.s, and protect bomb sites from the terrorists. While the terrorists must prevent the rescuing of hostages, assassinate V.I.P.s, and destroy bomb sites.Counter-strike is host to a large variety of real weapons that be being use in similar situations today, spooky eh? severally player in the game has their own cypher and may buy weapons, ammunition and equipment (such as Kevlar armor and grenades). Players earn money for by completing their specific objectives and by defeating opponents. There are five categories of patriarchal weapons for pl ayers to choose from, shotguns, sub-machine guns, assault rifles, sniper rifles, and machine guns. Each of these categories has its own strengths and weaknesses and a players choice can mean the difference between victory and defeat.Shotguns are extremely powerful short ranged weapons. There are two shotguns to choose from in counter-strike, the M3 Super pump shotgun, and the Bennelli XM automatic shotgun. Both of these weapons are used best during remnant ranged combat, even though there has been some success using them during medium ranged situations. Shotguns are extremely powerful and are loaded with a deadly 12 gauge shell that can drop and opponent in two shots or less. The pump shotguns fire commit is significantly less than the automatic sho... ...rly quickly, and with such a large magazine, the Para is very a very deadly weapon. This weapon can be dismissed fully automatic, however inaccurate, it provides a very effective suppression fire, for improves accuracy, bu rst fire is recommended.As one can see, the player has a number of choices when they are selecting their primary weapon in the game counter-strike. All of the weapon classes are good for something different and outperform all the rest in their own fields. Shotguns for close quarters combat. Sub-machine guns for short ranges ranged dominance. Assault rifles for medium and long ranged conflict and taking down armored targets. Sniper rifles for extreme ranged engagements. And machine guns for excellent support and suppression fire. Each player makes a different choice and wields each weapon differently, keeping counter-strike full of surprises.

Oloudah Equianos The Slave Trade Essay -- Equiano Slave Trade Slavery

Oloudah Equianos The Slave TradeOlaudah Equiano was born in 1745 in an area of Africa which is now Nigeria. At the age of eleven he was captured and brought into slavery. In his book, The Slave Trade, Equiano describes the slave craft during this time. He illustrates how he became a slave and how slaves were treated. Through his descriptions of his homeland and other aspects of his life, we gain insight into the state of world trade at that time.Equianos description of his homeland exemplifies the Columbian Exchange in operation. First of all, Equiano discusses how planters from the West Indies preferred slaves from Benin because of their ability and hardiness. This statement illustrates a connection between the east Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere. Equiano similarly describes some of the crops which were grown in his homeland. He mentions corn and tobacco which are both native to the Western Hemisphere. One scum bag see an example of the Columbian Exchange through Equianos experiences.A network of trade can also be seen in Equianos discussion of the marketplace of his homeland. He describes the presence of Oye-Eboe people at his villages marketplace. Oye-Eboe is translated as red men living at a distance. These men would bring European goods such as guns and powder along with hats, beads and dried fish to trade. The Oye-Eboe Equiano describes could actually be Aro people from the south of Isseke who were involved in the slave trade. The Aro would trade these goods for captives to be sold as slaves. Because these people had fish to trade, one can see they were from the coast, therefore, they most likely had direct contact with Europeans. The network of trade between Africa and Europe is mapped out by his... ...e worst of it suffocated. Equiano was very ill and was able to spend a good deal of time on deck, where at least the air was a slur fresher. The crew of the ship were brutal to the slaves. They once tossed fresh fish overboard plot of land t he slaves begged to eat some. Equiano was treated like a human being while still in Africa, but like a wild animal on the British slave ship.Through my reading of Equianos memoirs, much of what I had know before was reinforced. However, there were a few things I didnt understand before. First, I didnt know before that Africa even used slave labor. I was also affect to learn that African people were enslaved by other African people. I was glad to learn, however, that slavery was used as a form of punishment. I was also very surprised at the strong contrast between the treatment of slaves in Africa and in the Western Hemisphere.

The Assault: Part 1: Search For Victory :: essays research papers

I am a normal kid, well consort of. Everyone has those different things about them, for example I fly planes, fence, and can perform geometry in my head. I am also a good shot with approximately any type of gun. I am one of the best strategists in my school. Troon High School, the high school of Troon a town just north of principal Christi, Texas is one of the only schools in the state to exact a fencing team. We have been the highest rated one in the state only the year I have been here. I am the second best, the best being another 9th grader, Drew Davis. Now, its time to get to the story.I blocked a downward slash, then gave a wispy thrust, mostly to give myself time to regain my balance. He moved back about two paces, I had gained ground. He still had one advantage oer me, height. He always won using attacks from above. This match had been going on for about ten minutes, a very long time. The next thing he did surprised me, jumping high in the air his foot came up and plain ed my sword out of my hand. He thrust at me, but missed collectible to a backward flip on my part. As soon as I landed, I tried to kick his sword away, but his blade arrange the sensor above my heart. "Match over," the new scoring system announced, "Drew Davis wins over Justin Mills.""Im still better than you, for all of your intelligence," he taunted at me.He always was difficult to provoke a fight with me. Next was the self-defense class that our school was making required after what happened in Colorado. I guess they wanted students to be able to repel any future shootings. I personally think that teaching everyone to fight just gives them a weapon of their own. I hurried to class, except was still late. "Remember," the teacher was saying, "if your opponent is armed, go for the hand. Never let the gun or knife aim at you. The best thing to do is kick the hand with the weapon."The teacher then proceeded to demonstrate the exact technique Drew used to disarm me in my last fencing match. It was almost the time to go to lunch when I heard Drews voice come over the school intercom. "All students and staff, the school is now taken over.

Greek and current Religion :: essays research papers

One must honestly ask him/herself what is history? Is it what defines us, or what makes us come to be? Even a more contemplativeness and heavy subject is what is religious history? America is a very religiously diverse place with many, many different types of worships. It is rare where you find a country that has Muslem, Satanism, Catholicism, Mormonism and Buddhism and many more types of religions in the same country. Comparing and contrasting the main religion in America, Christianity, and ancient Greek religion is interesting.As furthest as festivals and rituals go, they are similar. They celebrated/gathered sixty quantify a year which is pretty close to how many times churches gather which is fifty-two times a year every sunday. They called their local gatherings deme which literally means parish which is the exact same word we use. They as well as carefully conduced the ceremony with holy water which we also use to this day. They took the blood of the sacrifice (usually a sheep or lamb) and cleansed the alter with it. We use wine as a substitute for blood. The meat was eaten, just as we do with the bread, which represents the body of christ. And they had gatherings on a large scale where people from all over the Greek world, just as we do today, World Youth Day. And even out the buildings are somewhat similar. They had arch entrances, just as some do today such as Notre Dome. However, in their ceremonies they actually sacrificed a live zoology where we do in only in a metaphorical sense. And the most obvious difference between modern day religion and Greek religion is Christianitys monotheism and Greeks polytheism. They prayed to the gods (Zeus, Poseidon, Hera) for different things such as good weather for crops, good fortune and good fishing. We pray for forgiveness and such matters that have to do with our higher self.